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WW2 (context), image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Italy was facing economic difficulties and was experiencing high unemployment rates during the 1930s.
      - Mussolini believed that territorial expansion and the acquisition of resources through conquests could help solve Italy's economic problems.
      - Mussolini believed that war could solve Italy's economic problems by providing new markets and resources.
    - - Fascist ideology and nationalism
        
        Italy's fascist ideology, as promoted by its leader Benito Mussolini, emphasized nationalism, expansionism,
        
        Mussolini sought to revive the glory of the Roman Empire and saw territorial expansion
      - Alliance with Nazi Germany:
        
        Italy's alliance with Nazi Germany in 1936 played a significant role in its road to war
        
        Mussolini saw Germany as a powerful ally that could help Italy achieve its territorial and ideological goals
      - International isolation
        
        Italy's aggressive foreign policy and territorial ambitions led to international isolation and diplomatic pressure.
    - - Invasion of Albania
        
        Italy invaded and conquered Albania, establishing it as an Italian protectorate.
      - Invasion of Greece
        
        Italy attempted to invade Greece but was repulsed by Greek forces
      - North Africa Campaign
        
        Italy, along with Germany, fought a series of battles against British and Commonwealth forces in North Africa,
  - - - Treaty of Versailles
        
        The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, imposed heavy reparations on Germany for their role in World War I.
        
        The reparations also included territorial losses, restrictions on military development, and limitations on Germany's ability to trade with other nations
        
        These conditions contributed to a sense of bitterness and resentment in Germany
      - The great depression
        
        It led to high levels of unemployment, business failures, and a sharp decline in trade.
        
        The economic crisis created a fertile ground for the growth of extremist political movements, such as the Nazi party.
      - Economic Warfare
        
        Germany's leaders pursued a policy of economic warfare in the years leading up to World War II
        
        This policy involved imposing trade restrictions on other nations, particularly Britain and France, and establishing economic alliances with other countries, such as Italy and Japan.
    - - Annexation of Austria
        
        In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria in a move known as the Anschluss.
        
        The annexation was a violation of international law and the Treaty of Versailles, which had prohibited Germany from uniting with Austria.
        
        Other countries in Europe, saw it as evidence of Germany's aggressive intentions.
      - Appeasement
        
        Policy of appeasement by the Western powers, particularly Britain and France, contributed to Germany's aggressive foreign policy.
        
        Was based on the belief that Germany had legitimate grievances and that it was possible to negotiate with Hitler to avoid another devastating war.
        
        The appeasement policy ultimately failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II.
      - Rise of Nazism
        
        The rise of Nazism in Germany in the 1930s was fueled by nationalist and racist ideologies that sought to create a "new order" in Europe
        
        Hitler and his followers believed that Germany had been unjustly punished after World War I and that the country needed to regain its status as a great power
        
        Agressive territorial expansionism, they belief in the superiority of the Aryan race.
    - - WWI
        
        Germany's defeat in World War I and the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles were significant factors in the rise of Nazism and the road to World War II
      - Spanish civil war
        
        The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was a conflict between the Republicans and the Nationalists in Spain.
        
        The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was a conflict between the Republicans and the Nationalists in Spain.
        
        They make new alliances with other fascist powers.
  - - - Militarization
        
        expansion through military conquest would solve Japan's economic problem
        
        Gained currency during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
      - Economical expansion
        
        Rapid industrialization and export-led growth made it one of the world´s leading economic powers by the 1930´
    - - Meiji restoration
        
        Was the political revolution in 1868 that brought about the final demise of the Tokugawa shogunate
        
        Disolution of japan feudals system
      - Tripartite pact
        
        The Axis powers are formed as Germany, Italy and Japan become allies with the signing of the Tripartite Pact in Berlin
    - - Sino-Japanese War: (1937-1945)
        
        Conflict between Japan and China in 1894–95 that marked the emergence of Japan as a major world powe
        
        Meji (Japan) and Qing (China) military rivalry resulted in a Korea under the rule of the Yi Dynasty.
      - Russo-Japanese War
        
        Conflict between Russia and Japan in which they fought over territorial expansion in East Asia.
      - Invasion of Manchuria
        
        Japanese military forces invaded and annexed Manchuria, a resource-rich region of China
      - Pearl harbor
        
        Japanese military launched a surprise attack on the United States Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
- - - - Hitler had a fanatical will and a consistent program of aggression (Hugh TrevorRoper, Alan Bullock, Andreas Hilgruber, Klaus Hildebrand)
      - Hitler was an unprincipled
        opportunist constrained by internal politics.
    - - They reject the idea of Hitler being an all-powerful leader in
        complete control of events.
      - High level of internal rivalry between competing centers of power within the Third Reich
    - - Argued that Germany was not solely responsible for World War II and that other countries
      - Argued that Britain and France, played a role in the outbreak of the war.
  - - - US historians tend to view Italy's entry into World War II as a complex and multifaceted event shaped by a range of economic, social, political, and military factors.
    - - US historians tend to view Italy's entry into World War II as a complex and rational decision based on the country's strategic interests
      - They often challenge the conventional narrative of the war and seek to provide a more nuanced understanding of Italy's role and motivations during the conflict.
  - - - Japan's aggression driven by economic factors, nationalist ideology, and militarism
      - Economic problems led to the belief that expanding territory and resources in Asia was the solution
      - Japan invaded China in 1937 and attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941
    - - Japan's aggression driven by desire to defend itself against Western imperialism
      - Japan saw itself as victim of global economic system that favored Western powers
      - Expansion in Asia seen as necessary for economic and political independence
    - - Argues that the road to war of Japan was a complex and multi-faceted process, shaped by a variety of internal and external factors.
      - Expansionist policies were influenced by economic pressures, domestic politics, and Japan's sense of itself as a unique cultural and political entity.
      - Quote: "The road to war of Japan was not a simple one. It was shaped by a variety of domestic and international factors, including Japan's economic struggles, the rise of militarism, and the country's sense of itself as a unique cultural and political entity".