End of the Cold War Causes
Political
Economy
Afghanistan
Removal of troops
Announced Feb 1988
Began May 1988
Completed 1989
Reasons: CCUM
Casualties
Cost
Unpopular
Mujaheddin supported by USA
This removed an important obstacle in US-Soviet relations.
Gorbachev's Policies
Glasnost: Political openness
Perestroika: Economic restructuring
Military
Nicaragua
US support pro-US Chamorro after a ceasefire. She wins elections in Feb 1990.
She then removes the Contras, the leftist opposition.
El Salvador
Gorbachev was essential to the change in relations.
US supported Duarte
Armed forces used brutal suppression.
Amid a civil war - Duarte vs FMLN (leftist guerrilla warriors)
Cristiani won the 1988 elections.
The FMLN launched a new attack.
Peace accords 1992 ended the civil war after the US relaxed its anti-communist stance.
This was after the Cold War ended.
In 1994, the UN saw free elections.
Cuba
Castro has to restructure the economy after the USSR collapses.
Increases trade with China.
Boosts tourism.
Tensions remain hostile between the US and Cuba.
Angola
In Dec 1986, Gorbachev said he was going to reduce support for the MPLA.
Sep 1987 - the USSR encouraged an offensive against UNITA through the MPLA.
Peace accords were signed in Dec 1988.
The MPLA were supported by 10,000 Cuban soldiers.
Still gave $1 billion in arms.
Ethiopia
Mengistu in 1987 claimed Ethiopia would be Marxist, led by the WPE.
Was aided by the Soviet Bloc.
Went through a civil war.
Mengistu fled in May 1991.
The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Deomocratic Front was established.
Despite having leftist roots, the USA supported them.
Anti-communism was no longer the aim.