Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

2.2 global governance - Coggle Diagram

- - - - intergovernmental org of 52 countries mostly former territories of the British empire
    - - worldwide scattering of a particular nations migrant population and their defendents
    - - colonial ties-where people from GB settled and established controls
        
        e.g.political,religeous,social/cultural
  - - - should lead to positive feedback
    - - prices fall-less money is made-food shortages-illness-OR children can't get to school
    - - developing countries lack human capital to strike good trade deals
  - - - majority-unskilled and tend to work in domestic labour agriculture and construction
    - - 40% of female Bangledeshi move to Oman
    - - poverty
        
        ranked 146/182 countries on hdi and 112/135 on human poverty index
        
        nearly 50% was said to subsist on <$1.25 a day
      - poor access to markets
        
        not a member of any major global trading blocs
        
        struggles to obtain fairly priced trade deals
        
        harder to develop and increase SoL
      - primary commodity prices
        
        buisness loses and poor crop yield-loss of income
        
        traded and globally and prices rise and fall daily
    - - 5-7mill work abroad
      - 2/5 have worked in Gulf states (1976-2009)
  - - - promote unity and solidarity
      - intensify their co operation
      - defend their territoral
      - eradicate forms of colonialism from African
    - - lay out aims
        
        achieve greater unity between African countires
        
        accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent
        
        encourage international co-operation
        
        promote human rights
  - - - Qatars gov-reinvested its petrodollar wealth
        
        Doha has become a powerful place for international conferences and sporting events
        
        UN and world trade organisations meeting are here
        
        Quatar's AI Jazeera media network rivals BBC and CNN for influence in some parts of the world
        
        important source of soft power
      - exerts sig influence over it's neighbours
    - - 68% of our govs (globally) identify that meeting labour market demands is their underlying reason for their immigration policy
      - adapt immigration policies to meet their needs
        
        less than 2% of Japanese population is forign
        
        nationality law makes it hard to get citizenship for foreigners
        
        success rate of less than 1%
        
        ageing pop-3 workers for every 2 retirees by 2060
        
        many think the gov must relax their immigration policies
    - - skilled-skilled in an important sector e.g.doctors
      - unskilled-important for other jobs e.g. cleaners
    - - ability to project power and influence anywhere in the world to become a dominant worldwide force
    - - hard power
        
        military action/threat
        
        economic sanctions
        
        trade and aid policy
      - soft power
        
        cultural influence
        
        international decision making
        
        moral and ethical authority
      - USA
        
        320 million pop own more than 40% of global personal wealth
        
        'Americanisation' are widely used to describe the way American food,fashion and media have shaped global culture
        
        has used military power and covert intelligence operations to intervene in the affairs of almost 50 states since 1945
      - China
        
        radical 'open door' reforms that allowed China to embrace globalisation while remaining under the one party rule
        
        open door reform-allowed fdi
        
        over 400 million of it's pop escaped poverty since the reforms began
  - - - originally set up in N California
      - global centre for high technology,innovation and social media
      - defence spending triggered by the Soviet Union launching their first space satelite
    - - recieved gov backing through David Cameron and the Tech Nation tier/visa scheme
    - - allowed to work in the UK if your'e a leader in one of the following fields
        
        gaming
        
        arts and culture
        
        academia/research
        
        cyber security
- - - - it has a buoyant economy
      - 5,000 people are employed in Dharavis plastics recycling industries
      - rising land prices in Mumbai means there is greater pressure to redevelop other slum areas too
  - - - jobs in construction,tourism and retail
      - 1.1 million low cost homes will be built which reduces the amount of people living in slums from 60% to 20% (max)
      - local buisnesses will not be gaining any money and may be forced to shut as their premises are demolished
      - funded US $10 million from India's gov and US $30 billion from private investment
      - slums are knocked down and high rise flats built instead
      - evaluation
        
        low cost homes for locals-long term solution
        
        local buisnesses will go bankrupt and jobs will be lost
    - - micro loans given to small buisnesses in Dharavi to help with training,health care and after school clubs
      - jobs in small buisnesses
        
        e.g. pottery and recycling etc
      - not directly clearing slum housing but improve peoples income to allow them to improve their home circumstances
      - credit given by charities and local people to other local people
      - evaluation
        
        only a short term solution
        
        low interest rate-good for the consumer
    - - investing in creating modern villages that young people are less likely to leave
      - people can easily transfer money and check market prices on their phones
- - - - internet has help MNCs expand globally
      - media companies can easily move files
    - - media allows ind user to function as a hub
      - gain education remotely
      - remote healthcare
- - - - interdependency of host and source country
    - - 10% of construction workers are from outside of the UK
      - 20% of nurses and 30% of doctors
      - Unis get £5bill/year from oversea students
  - - - globalisation led to an increase in migration
      - now more than 230 million people worldwide living in a country they were not born in
      - UK economy is highly reliant on eastern europe for labour
      - eastern europe relied on migrant remittances from UK
    - - economic interdependence leads to political interdepence
      - Friedman-1990s US political journalists proposed 'golden arches' theory
        
        2 countries with McDonalds will never wage war as their economies are interlinked
    - - social ties can be strengthened through migration
      - arrival of large Indian diaspora pop in UK has led to deepen the countries interconnection with eachother
      - extensive family networks now straddle the two countries
    - - all states are environmentally dependent due to their shared use of the 'global commons'
      - for mutual survival we must all trust the other states and their citizens will work towards the shared goal of climate change mitigation and biodiversity protection
    - - EU-helped to bring European conflict to an end
      - areas with large diaspora pop have strong geo political ties
      - golden arches theory
    - - 2007 global recession-many major building projects were cancelled-workers lost their jobs
        
        Estonia's GDP declined by 13% due to loss of remittances
      - seen as a threat to sovereignity
  - - - ghettoised areas lead to segregation
      - loss of culture
      - remittance payments fund education and living standards improved
      - dependency ratio can increase as elderly people get left behind
    - - policies to discourage migration
      - movement of young people may lead to economic decline
      - extremist views can often be a reflux of migrants
      - controls on immigration may be required to maintain economic standards and public order
    - - population density and birth rates fall (source)
        
        young active migrants move to improve their QoL
      - overpopulation issues solved (source)
      - birth rates increase (host)
- - - - economic globalisation
        
        growth of transnational companies
        
        e.g.online shopping,IT growth
      - social globalisation
        
        international immigration
        
        social interconnectivity
        
        global improvements in education
      - cultural globalisation
        
        circulation of ideas and info
        
        glocalisation and hybridisation
      - political globalisation
        
        growth of trading blocs
        
        global concerns,e.g. fair trade
    - - planes/supertankers
      - mnc's
      - TV/smart phone/internet etc
      - workers/factories
    - - lethening of connections between people and places
        
        products sourced from further away
      - deepening of connections
      - faster speed of connections
        
        technology
  - - - economic migrants
        
        voluntarily
      - refugees
        
        forced,due to conflict, natural disasters, political or religious persecution
    - - literacy
      - travel cost
      - job oppourtunities
      - lack of capital
      - family pressures
      - national policies
    - - may prevent migration or reduce the number of people moving
      - importance
        
        frictional effect of distance
        
        areas are closer together are more likely to interact compared to those further apart
        
        enabelling technologies
        
        interventions that allow a user/buisness to sig impact the way the operate
        
        e.g.internet,QR barcodes etc
    - - remittances
        
        transfers of money across national boundaries by economic migrants
        
        flows have grown in value in the world economy
        
        due to the growth of migrations between countries
  - - - Britain now has independent schools in different areas of the world
      - British textbook companies now export and make resources for edu systems in China,India,Mexico etc
    - - British edu system has been able to compare itself to the edu system in other countries
        
        taking ideas and seeing how successful British students are to others around the world
      - PISA- programme for international student assessments (database)
        
        allows comparisons on how diff countries perform educationally. Produces a league table of performance
        
        Ofsted use this
      - positives
        
        see how to improve
        
        creates competition
        
        students travel-bring different skills to other countries
      - negatives
        
        stereotypes students ability
        
        different countries test pupils differently
        
        PISA- only based on science,english and maths
  - - - air travel
        
        more affordable
        
        major cities interconnected
      - high speed rail
        
        important means of travel between neighboring countries
      - mobile phones
        
        can see what other places are like
        
        2005-60% of Africans own a mobile phone
      - internet
        
        2015-fb groups helped >100,000 migrants
        
        media representation of areas
        
        reviews of areas
- - - - The Kurds-ethnic group from the middle East
      - inhabit 500,000 square kilometre area across 4 different countries
        
        Turkey,N Iraq,N Syria,NW Iran
  - - - $700mill to humatarian aid
      - set up refugee camps
      - not offering resettlement
    - - closed borders after 1 day
      - tear gassed refugees trying to enter
      - zero refugee policy
    - - accepted 1.5mill refugees
      - helped 10,000 refugees return to syria
      - provided aid
    - - 166 refugees taken 2014-2015
      - 23,000 refugees taken in
    - - accepted most refugees
      - accepted 42% of applications
      - donated £7.1billion
      - 50% employed in skilled job sector
  - - - to prevent conflict/war and promote peace
      - to promote respect for human rights
      - to enforce international law
    - - formed in 1945 (end of ww2)
    - - Refugee convention 1951
        
        signed acknowledging and defining the term refugee
        
        core principle of this protecting is non-refoulment
      - 1954 convention relating to stateless persons
        
        offers humans rights for stateless people and minimum standards of treatment regarding right to eduction,employment and housing
      - UNHCR
        
        ensures the legal agreements in the conventions are carried out
        
        helps millions of people around the world at a cost of US$5 billion annually
        
        monitors compliance with the agreed refugee system
        
        makes sure the member countries are acting towards refugees in the way they legally agreed to do
  - - - civil war/violence
        
        Dec 2010
      - proxy war
      - rebels fought with Assad
      - protestors wanted democracy and freedom
    - - Za'atri camp (Jordan) for Syrian refugees started July 2013
      - displacement of many Syrian civillians-housing and infrastructure destroyed
      - over 50,000 deaths
      - UNRA "over 5 million people fled Syria to neighbouring countries in Middle East and Turkey"
        
        over 2.5million were children
      - approx 6million are internally displaced people
      - 4/5 Syrians live in poverty without water,food and shelter
    - - over 3.6million Syrian refugees in Turkey
      - UNHCR-overall resposibility for the refugee camps
      - funding for the UN refugee camps comes from international donors
        
        only 43% of $4.4billion has been raised
      - since 2011,border controls across schengen zone have been tightened
      - Hungary and Serbia have reinforced their borders
      - British gov has admitted less than 150 Syrian refugees- will admit 20,000 eventually
- - - - makes them vunerable to exploitation
    - - parts of the ocean in which most commercial activity is prohibited
      - most of them not in the high seas but in areas near the coasts
      - Costa Rica dome
        
        in the pacific ocean which is a system that has strong winds that force ocean currents to move nutrient-rich waters to just below the surface
        
        position of the dome shifts with the seasons
        
        sometimes in high seas
        
        many species come to feed here
        
        e.g. mahi-mahi,squid,sharks
      - white shark cafe
        
        in the pacific ocean between hawaii and baja penisula
        
        hundreds of great white shark travel each autumn to feed
        
        these sharks are a genetically distinct pop and only 3,500 left
  - - - e.g. quotas
  - - - aims to sustainably manage and protect marine and coatsal pollutions and adress impacts of ocean acidification
      - 1/4 targets due in 2020 partially achieved (2020)
      - 3/4 due by 2030
- - - - low cost for manufactirng in NIC
      - unneccessary packaging and the growth of bottled water consumption
      - 29,000 ducks washed into pacific
    - - ocean currents-dynamic system
      - pacific garbage patch
        
        circular flow and gathering of plastic
      - Gyres
        
        large scale circular currents in major oceans product of wind patterns and corious force
    - - plastic waste ends up on shorelines
      - deadzone-no life,hypoxia e.g. Gulf of Mexico
      - eurotriphication-excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water
  - - - no light and too much c02=ocean acidification
      - climate change leads to more damage to coral reefs
  - - - zoning of great barrier reef
        
        general use zone,buffer zone,no use zone
      - 50% more animals in gbr
      - doesnt prevent wicked problems
    - - pledged £600mill in 2016 to improve water quality around gbr
      - e.g.banning certain suncreams that contain chemicals that ass to aquatic pollution
    - - 1891-highest level of protecting in Australian EEZ
- - - - UNESCO helps protect the environment including oceans
      - UNCLOS is UNs global governance of earths oceans that covers all aspects of marine management
      - NATO takes a special interest in tackling piracy and providing assistance in refugee and migrant crisis at sea
    - - only group of nations that grants all citizens complete freedom of movement
      - marine directive is a set of strict rules protecting Europes seas and oceans waters
      - evaluation of importance
        
        high level of political integration
        
        ships are forbidden from polluting the territorial waters of any EU country and anyone breaking this law faces criminal charges
    - - leading countries with large economies have met periodically to coordinate their response to common economic challenges
      - evaluation of importance
        
        may be losing importance as a forum for international decision making
        
        several leading economies are not members
        
        G20 was created including these leading emerging economies
        
        large size of G20 means there are differing views and weakens the ability to agree and act on issues
    - - 1940s
        
        ocean facing many threats
        
        pollution and waste
        
        new territorial claims over seafloor resources
        
        long distance fishing fleets
      - 1960s
        
        more countries began to make territorial claims of the water
        
        fish stocks began to show critically endangered signs of depletion
        
        offshore oil began to cause political conflict as there was a lack of legal clarity
      - 1973
        
        UN developed UNCLOS as a treaty to tackle marine pollution,overfishing and competing territorial claims