Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Dylan Pina, Period 2, Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Dylan Pina, Period 2, Reproductive System
Major Functions of the Reproductive System (male and female)
to produce egg and sperm cells
nurture and develop offspring
fertilization of the egg cell (ovum)
Produce hormones
female- Progesterone, estrogen, FSH, LH
male - testosterone, FSH, LH
development of secondary sex characteristics like mammary glands for breast feeding
Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures
Testes
sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum
Scrotum
sac of skin superficial fascia
contains the testes
lowers the temperature to one necessary for sperm production
Penis
male copulatory organ
foreskin, cut loose skin covering glans- prepuce
Male Accessory Organs
Seminal Glands
produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid - contains 70% of semen
Prostate
consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
Bulbo-urethral glands
produces think, clear mucus during sexual arousal (lubricant)
Anatomy of Female Reproductive Structures
Ovaries - female gonads
produces female gametes
paired structures flank the uterus, almond shaped (2x)
Held by several Ligaments
Ovarian Ligament- anchors ovary medially to uterus
suspensory ligament - anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
Ovarian Follices - tiny sac-like structures embedded in cortex, contain immature egg (oocyte)
Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes)
receive ovulated oocyte and are the usual site of fertilization
Uterus
hollow, thickwalled, muscular organ
functions- receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
Uterine Wall
Perimetrium- outermost serous layer (visceral peritoneum)
Myometrium- bulky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
Endometrium- mucosal lining
Vagina
functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ copulation
vaginal secretions are acidic in adults
mucosa near vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition call hymen that ruptures with intercourse
Hormones of the Reproductive System
FSH
Female- FSH helps control the menstrual cycle and the production of eggs by the ovaries.
males- FSH helps control the production of sperm
LH
male- LH causes the Leydig cells of the testes to produce testosterone.
females- LH triggers the creation of steroid hormones from the ovaries
Estrogen
Estrogen plays a role in ovulation (when your ovaries release an egg) and thickens the lining of your uterus (endometrium) to prepare it for pregnancy
development of secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone
Progesterone prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation
It also prohibits the muscle contractions in the uterus that would cause the body to reject an egg
Testosterone
regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm.
Events of the Female Hormonal Cycles
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase
period of vesicular follicle growth
several vesicular (antral) follicels become sensitive to FSH and are stimulated to grow
FSH levels drop around middle of follicular growth
Ovulation
ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
1-2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which if fertilized, results in fraternal twins
Luteal Phase
after ovulation, rupture follicle collapses, and antrum fills with clotted blood
corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen
Uterine (menstrual) Cycle
Days 1-5: Menstrual Phase
ovarian hormones are at the lowest levels
gonadotropin are beginning to rise
stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall and is shed
Days 6-14: Proliferative (preovulatory) phase
rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
estrogen inceases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
Days 15-28: secretory (postovulatory) phase
phase most consistent in duration
endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
Disorders Associated with the Reproductive System
STIs are sexually transmitted diseases or venereal diseases
Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Chlamydia
most common bacterial STI in the US
responsible for 25-50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease
symptoms- urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain
Gonorrhea
bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
most infections are asymptomatic
symptoms- painful urination, discharge of pus from penis, abnormal uterine bleeding and possible urethral symptoms
Syphilis
bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally
pink skin rash, fever, and joint pain can develop
bacteria invades mucosae of even broken skin
Virus Sexually Transmitted Infections
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
group of 40 or more virus, most common in STI
can cause genital warts
80% of cases of invasive cervical cancer are linked to some strains of HPV
vaccination can guard against common-causing strains
Genital Herpes
caused by herpes simplex virus
one of the most difficult pathogens to control
latent periods and flare-ups with vesicle formation
Parasitic
Trichomoniasis
parasitic infection that is most common in women than in men
70% of women have no symptoms
30% have a yellow-green vaginal discharge
Methods Of Classification and Contraceptives
Coitus Interruptus
: withdrawal of penis from vagina before ejaculation; not very effective; some sperm may
reach vagina before ejaculation
Rhythm Method: abstinence from sexual intercourse around time of ovulation; difficult to determine time
of ovulation; not effective
Mechanical Barriers: prevent sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse; examples: male or
female condoms, diaphragm, cervical cap
Chemical Barriers: contain spermicides; are more effective when used with a condom; examples: creams,
foams, jellies
Combined Hormone Contraceptives: contain estrogen and progestins to prevent pregnancy; disrupt
normal hormonal patterns of female cycle
Injectable Contraception: injection of a progesterone derivative prevents follicle maturation and ovulation;
works for 3 months
Contraceptive Implants: implantation of a rod containing progestin under the skin in the arm; can prevent
follicle maturation and ovulation for 3 years
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): objects implanted in the uterus are either toxic to sperm and egg cells or
prevent implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of endometrium, thicken cervical mucus
Sterilization: surgical methods of permanently preventing pregnancy; vasectomy in male, tubal ligation in female