Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Topic 1 - Tourism Activity, Topic 2 - Trends in Tourism - Coggle Diagram
Topic 1 - Tourism Activity
Topic 1 - Tourism
1.1
Tourism System
Definitions
Tourism system
Tourist Generating Region
Tourist Destination Region
Transit Route
Availability of transit routes influence travel by
Limited or inconvenient transit routes
Lack of direct flights between SG and Brazil results in fewer tourists from SG to Brazil
Tourist: A person who makes a trip outside their usual environment for leisure or personal purpose
Relationship between tourist generating and destination regions:
Push and pull factors
Push
Stressful work environment
1 of the main reasons British tourists visit Phuket, Thailand, is to rest and relax
Unpleasant living environment (overcrowding, overpopulation)
Lack of recreational and entertainment options
USS welcomed more than 18mil visitors in 2019
To achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment
More than 2mil Muslims travel to Mecca in Saudi Arabia for the pilgrimage where they perform a series of rituals for spiritual growth
Number of tourists climbing Mount Everest has increased as they are motivated to challenge themselves
The need to discover unique travel experimences
Satisfy curiosity of the world
Explore different cultures and environment
Participate in less-known tourist destinations and activities
Tourism numbers in Antarctica have increased significantly in the last 2 decades
Pull
Places of scenic beauty
Special events (festivals, concerts)
Attractions, facilities and amenities
Tourist generating and destination regions are mutually dependent
How does tourism interact with nature, communities, etc
Positive
Tourists pay local villagers to teach them how to create traditional pottery (generate revenue, contributes to local economy and helps to preserve local tradition)
Tourism is a global industry and influences local economies
Contributes to more than US$4 mil in 2020 (globally)
Negative
When visiting a nature park, tourists irresponsibly leave behind waste (environment may be degraded)
Contributes to 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions
Changes in nature, environment, communities and economies can affect the tourism system (vice versa)
Economic downturn in tourist generating regions results in less demand for travel
Incomes in tourisy destination region and transit routes decrease
Environmental damage is reduced
New attractions open at a tourism destination region
1.2
Factors affecting growth of tourism
Increase in ability to travel
ability to travel refers to the conditions that allow an individual to make trips.
increase in leisure time
example : in 2015, the chinese govt encouraged employers to give workers half a day of paid keave on fridays during the summer months to help boost domestic tourism.
business innovations in the tourism related industry
example : thomas cook invented tour packages during the industrial revolution and was credited with bringing tourism to the masses. such tour packages made travel affordable for many people in the UK. this is because tour companies purchase transport and accommodation in bulk, often at discounted prices, and then sell them off through tour packages at competitive prices.
example : websites such as expedia and trivago have search engines specifically for travellers to compare trip reviews and prices, and book their trips directly on the website. Often, these websites offer promotional prices for transport and accommodation.
lower transport costs
example : budget airlines such as airasia, which offer significantly lower prices have become increasingly popular for travel within southeast asia.
lower accomodation costs
example : airbnb is a business innovation that offers options for accommodation, often at competitive prices. it connects people who want to rent their homes out to tourists, increasing the variety of accommodation that tourists can stay in. In 2019, it was estimated that more than 2 million people stayed in an airbnb property every day.
increase in disposable incomes
example : in china, as GDP quadrupled, international tourism grew from about 9 million departures in 1999 to 154 million in 2019.
Increase in mobility
Expansion of public transport services and infrastructure
Connectivity increased
Tourists travel in shorter times
Example: The opening of Changi Airport's Terminal 4 means that there can be more flights from other parts of Asia to SG, making travel within the region more convenient
Example: Public transport services and infrastructures in SG have greatly expanded in recent decades. For instance, the Downtown MRT line was developed to increase the accessibility of some tourist attractions such as Gardens by the Bay. There are also clear maps and signages available in multiple languages at MRT stations, which helps tourists to navigate.
New modes of travel
Reduced travel time
Example: In 1965, a train from Tokyo to Osaka would take 6h 40mins. With the introduction of the bullet train, it is now 3h 10mins
Example: In 1950, a flight from SG to London would take 2-4 days with stopovers. Now, it takes 14h without any stopovers
Increased convenience
Lower travelling costs
Increased private car ownership
Boosted domestic tourism
More flexible schedule, more time per attraction
Example: Srinagar City, India, experienced an influx of people visiting it by car
Motivation
Every individual have varying needs and hence the motivation to travel is unique
1.3
Development of tourist destination regions
Graph
(1) Exploration stage
Tourist arrivals
Small number
Irregular visits
Contributions to local economy
Minimal
Features of destination
Natural attractions
Cultural attractions
Lack of facilities
Example: Jaco Island, Timor Leste. Inaccessible location and lack of tourism facilities. Houses only the national park in the country with attractive beaches.
(2) Involvement stage
Tourist arrivals
Increase in tourist arrivals due to increase in advertisements and publicity
Contributions to local economy
Begin to grow
Features of destination
A rise in goods, services and facilities
Goods and services provided by locals
Amenities and facilities built and maintained by local authorities
Example: Kuang Si Waterfalls, Laos. Authorities invested money to improve facilities at the waterfall. Increase in number of travel agencies and transport providers to improve accessibility. Increase in tourists.
(3) Development stage
Tourist arrivals
Increase rapidly
Contributions to local economy
Tourist sector employs a significant number of workers
Labour from other places will be attracted to come and work
Features of destination
Number of attractions and facilities rapidly increase
Heavy advertising
Increase in businesses in retail and leisure
Recognised as tourist destination
Example: Phu Quoc, Vietnam. Received investments to build n international airport and seaport. Attracted major businesses. In 2019, rapid increase in tourist arrivals to 5.1mil. Employs a significant proportion of the locals.
(4) Consolidation stage
Tourist arrivals
Tourist arrivals outnumber local population
Contributions to economy
Dominates local economy
Employs a significant number of workers
Features of destination
Slow down in number of attractions and facilities built
Majority of facilities and hotels are owned by large companies
Example: Goa, India. Tourism sector employs a significant amount of local population. In 2019, number of tourists, 7mil, outnumber locals, 1.5mil. Large company Marriott International owned hotels there.
(5) Stagnation stage
Tourist arrivals
Peaked and have started to decline as destination has exceeded carrying capacity
Contributions to local economy
Start to stagnate
Features of destination
May no longer be attractive
Facilities and attractions may decline as they become old and run down
Tourists start to feel the location no longer has anything to offer
Example: Hawaii, USA from 1990s to 2000s. Tourism arrivals began to decline late 1990s. Waikki, a major tourism spot, became overcrowded and facilities and attractions were getting old, run down and needed major renovations
Post-stagnation stages
(6) Decline stage
Tourist arrivals
Decline significantly if no steps are taken to revive the destination
Contributions to local economy
Decline significantly
Features of destination
Local businesses close, negatively affecting economy and livelihoods
Less money available to maintain and improve facilities
Facilities deteriorate further
Example: Blackpool, UK in the 1990s. Lost attractiveness due to competition from other European coastal locations with more competitive pricing. Old inns were deteriorated or had to shut down.
(7) Rejuvenation stage
Tourist arrivals
New investments to develop attractions and facilities
Re-branding of destination leads to increase in tourist arrivals
Contributions to local economy
Increase again
Features of destination
Redevelop the area, ie attractions and facilities
Advertise revamped tourist destination
Example: Blackpool, UK presently. Local authorities engaged the private sector to invest £300mil to build Blackpool Central, a world-class leisure development which aims to attract 600,000 visitors annually. Re-marketed as Muslim-friendly and disabled-friendly.
1.4
Personalities of tourists
Graph
Dependables
Spending pattern
More cautious about spending money
Source of influence
Guided by authority figures
Follow travel trends
Preference for travel activities
Prefer structure and routine
Travel in groups makes them more secure
Visit popular and familiar destinations which have well-developed tourism facilities and amenities
Prefer mass tourism because of the predictability and routine nature of the activities
Venturers
Spending pattern
More readily
Source of influence
Guided by their personal
judgement rather than
authority figures
Preference for travel activities
Prefer to be spontaneous and have a diversity of activities
Travel alone
Explore less-developed, unique place where they can experience new activities. Set travel trends
Prefer to make their own travel plans
How do personality characters influence travel patterns and development of tourist destinations
Travel patterns
Some features of travel destinations may appeal more to specific personality characteristics
Example: Mongolia is beginning to develop its tourism industry, and mostly attracts Venturer-type tourists who are comfortable with fewer tourist amenities
Development of tourist destinations
Topic 2 - Trends in Tourism
Demand for tourism
Increasing popularity of lesser known destinations that were not previously popular or easily accessible
Tourists travel to remote places or "second cities" because
Fulfil their need to discover unique travel experiences (in less crowded environments)
Avoid exceeding the carrying capacity in traditional tourist hotspots and allow those environments to recover
Enjoy lower travelling costs
Globalisation has facilitated a greater flow of information about these destinations. Tourists can share their experiences, enticing more people with travel experience in remote destinations
For London, many fans of Manchester City or Manchester United travel to Manchester to view the home stadiums and watch their favourite teams play
Trips can be easily planned and booked online
Advancements and expansions in transport infrastructure, making travelling more convenient and accessible
Antarctica has become increasingly popular as people seek to explore one of the world's last untouched regions. There is also increased availability of cruise services to there makes it more convenient
Emergence of new experiences
Adventure tourism
Motivation
Travel to natural environments and participate in challenging physical activities such as mountain climbling
Seek to achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment by taking part in challenging tourist activities
Location
Places of natural beauty where tourists can enjoy scenic views and carry out physical challenging activities
Trekking on Mount Everest has become increasingly popular among adventure tourists who seek to challenge themselves
Heritage tourism
Motivation
Participate in activities to experience culture and learn about its history
Fulfil their need for unique travel experiences and understand the rich and diverse global cultures
Location
Places with rich history and cultures, especially those that have UNESCO World Heritage Site status
Ancient city of Machu Picchu in Peru attracts more than 1mil tourists every year. Many are attracted to learn more about the unique history and culture
Sports tourism
Motivation
Tourists either observe or participate in sports events
Observe. Seek enjoyment and escape the stress of work
Participate. Seek to achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment
Location
Places where sporting events are held. These locations are usually equipped with sporting facilities to hos the events
During the Premier League, thousands travelled to Manchester to witness their favourite football teams play
Health tourism
Motivation
Seek medical care or activities to enhance their physical, mental or spiritual wellness
Travel to these destinations because medical procedures...
Are cheaper
Have shorter waiting time
May not be available in their home country
These medical procedures may contribute to a greater sense of self-fulfilment as they may improve tourists' well-being and self-esteem
Health tourists may participate in activities to relax and enhance overall health
Example: Yoga retreats and hot-spring tours
Location
Occurs in places with renowned medical services or wellness facilities
Bali. Indonesia is famous for its numerous yoga and wellness resorts that are surrounded by scenic views
South Korea received more than 2mil health tourists in 2018. This is due to South Korea's renowned and advanced medical technologies and services
Supply of tourism
Mass market tour operators
People or companies that supply tour packages to cater to large groups of people
Transport and accommodation included in tour packages
These tour packages are attractive because...
Relatively cheaper as tour operators buy these services in large quantities at low costs
Reduces the hassle of booking the different tourism services individually
Many trust tour operators' knowledge of the destinations and their ability to provide help when needed
Example: Klook is Singapore's largest mass-market tour operators. They offer a variety of tours to many destinations around the world at relatively affordable prices
Specialist tour operators
People or companies that supply tours for niche travel
Specialise in specific destinations or tourism experiences that many mass-market tour operators do not usually offer
Hence specialised tours are not as widely purchased as package holidays
More customizable as they cater to small groups of tourists
Are experts at specific destinations, enabling them to give advice and recommendations to tourists
Example: Quark Expeditions specialises in tours to the Arctic and Antarctica, offering experiences ranging from sea kayaking to iceberg cruising
Becoming more popular due to online media which are creating a greater interest
Tourism marketing is changing from traditional print and broadcast media to new online media
More tourists are researching for their trip online
Up to 70% of tourists research and plan their trips online
Klook has promoted its tour packages on multiple social media platforms, including Facebook and Instagram
Globalisation
Causing the continued growth of international tourism
Increasing the ability to travel
People now have the ability to search for and buy tourism-related services from anywhere
Results in greater competition among businesses, which creates a greater incentive to offer value-for-money travel experiences to attract more people
Increasing motivation to travel
People have greater access to travel destinations ideas from social media
London's Kings Cross Station has become popular with tourists after the airing of Harry Potter
Increasing mobility in travel
Places become more connected via different transport modes, making travelling more convenient
Tourist generating and destination regions have become more diverse
European countries remain the most popular
Asia developing countries are gaining popularity
China, Thailand and Malaysia are among the most popular tourist destinations
More tourists are coming from the Asia Pacific and South America countries, such as China, India and Brazil
Tourism impacting...
Economy
Positive
Employment opportunities
Tourist industry is labour intensive
Reduces national unemployment rates
In 2019, tourism accounted for 330mil formal jobs worldwide, representing 10% of the global workforce
Between 2015 and 2019, about 25% of new jobs were in the tourism industry
Creates a large number and wide range of employment opportunities for people of varying skills in both tourist generating and destination regions
Formal employment
Have fixed work hours
Have a stable monthly wage
Sign terms and conditions in their work
Contribute income tax
Examples:
Transport: Transport operators and service staff on board on the vehicles
Accommodation: Hotel staff service
Leisure activities: Tour guides, staff in amusement parks, museums and campgrounds
Informal employment
Work irregular hours
Have fluctuating wages
Do not sign a written contract
Do not contribute income tax
Example: Street-side performer
Income generation from tourists' spending (on accommodation and food)
Generates income for locals and governments in tourist destination regions
Taxes on tourism spending can provide the government with considerable revenues
Can be used to invest in improving infrastructure and pay for education and health services, hence increasing the country's standard of living
Can alleviate poverty as it can transfer wealth from wealthier to poorer regions
In the 1980s, Maldives was one of the world's poorest countries. Today, its economy has grown due to the tourism opportunities offered by its natural landscape, resulting in low poverty rates
Negative
Economic leakages resulting in less tourism revenue
Happens when revenue generated by tourism is lost to the economies of other countries
Occur when tourist businesses pay for the imports of goods and services to support the tourism industry
Governments will have lesser revenue to improve the country's standard of living
In some developing countries, economic leakages may be so significant that it can wipe out the economic benefits of tourism
Example: According to the United Nations Environment Programme, for every US$100 spent by a tourist in a developing country, only US$5 remains in the local host community
Overdependence on tourism, which increases vulnerability to a sudden fall in tourist numbers
Unexpected events, causing the economic benefits from tourism to fluctuate and affecting the livelihoods of people
Natural Disasters
Can cause significant to tourism infrastructure
People fearing their safety may postpone or cancel their trips
Example: 2017, parts of the Caribbean Islands were struck by a succession of powerful hurricanes. About 95% of the buildings were destroyed, resulting in 1mil fewer tourist arrivals and an estimated loss of revenue of over US$700mil
Unfavourable political situations
Can lead to riots and protests in the country, leading to the closure of hotels and tourist attractions
People fearing their safety may postpone or cancel their trips
Governments may choose to close off the affected area or issue a travel advisory to discourage travelling to the affected areas to ensure safety
2020, there were protests in Thailand against military rule. Several countries issued travel advisories to its citizens to dissuade them from visiting Thailand
Economic downturn
Companies would attempt to cut costs and manpower. People may lose their jobs or experience a pay cut, leading to a reduction of disposable incomes
People may choose to not travel to save money
Example: 2009, the Maldives, which is highly dependent on tourism, suffered a 4% drop in tourist arrivals due to the global economic crisis
Outbreak of diseases
People fearing their safety may postpone or cancel their trips
Governments may choose to close off the affected area or issue travel advisory to discourage travelling to affected areas to ensure safety
Example: The COVID-19 pandemic infected over 205mil people and caused over 4mil deaths. Many countries went into lockdown, causing international travel to shut down. In the first half of 2020, tourist arrivals globally fell by more than 65%. In the Maldives, tourism arrivals in 2020 was only a third of that in 2019
Society and culture
Positive
Cultural preservation
Tourism can lead to cultural preservation because:
Tourism revenues boost the local economy which provides an incentive to protect traditional cultural practices and art forms.
Planning authorities may also invest money to encourage such traditional practices, e.g. by building museums or giving grants for art forms to increase their appeal to tourists.
Enhances preservation efforts, which also builds locals' sense of belonging to their community.
Ensures the passing down of knowledge and cultural practices from generation to generation.
examples
• Shadow puppetry in China is an ancient art form which is culturally important to local communities as it passes on history and traditions.
• With tourists showing greater interest, innovations were made to attract viewers.
• For instance, people can watch a shadow puppetry show using
• This helps to preserve and revitalise the art form.
enhancing cultural ecosystem services
Protecting the environment for tourist activities and experiences
can enhance cultural ecosystem services offered by nature.
Example:
In Sanjiangyuan National Park in China, sightings of rare snow leopards have drawn tourists. The villagers in Angsai village run a community-based tourism programme which allows tourists to stay with local families and have a chance to view these snow leopards in the wild. Sanjiangyuan National Park provides cultural ecosystem services such as
benefits
Aesthetic benefits: Locals and tourists get to appreciate the beauty and scenery of the protected National Park.
Educational benefits: Tourists get to learn about the conservation of snow leopards and experience the traditional culture of the villagers.
Recreational benefits: Locals and tourists get to engage in recreational activities that may offer relaxation such as snow leopard viewing, as well as other activities such as hiking or camping.
Spiritual benefits: Buddhist locals get to connect spiritualy as tourism provides an incentive to continue protecting the mountains and snow leopards which are sacred to them.
negative
The environment