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coastal landscapes and change- EQ3-Coastal risks, climate change is…

- - - - isostatic change (like ice as in land)
        -isostatic change refers to the level of teh land, which is also influences by ice ages
        -during an ice age the weight of the ice forces the land to sink
        -when the ice age has finished the melting of the ice causes the land to rebound up like a spring
  - - - submergent coastlines
        -submergent coastlines cause the formation of rias, fjords and dalmation coasts
        -a ria is a flooded river valley formed when rising sea levels flood teh valley often creating an estuary
        -a fjord is an example of a flooded glaciated valley formed when a glacier erodes vertically, creating a U shaped valley
        
        eg lysefjord in norway
        -dalmation coats are fomed because of the arrangement of alternating rock types parallel to the coast
  - - - global warming
        -evidence from the IPCC indicates that the between 1983 and 2012 the northern hemisphere experienced the warmest 30 year period of the last 1,400 years
        -changes in teh world atmospheric temperatures are causing thermal expansion of the oceans melting of glaciers and ice sheets
        -global warming is largely becayse of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. the concentration of these gases has risen rapidly since industrialisation
        
        incrreased frequency of storms
        -the strong winds caused by stroms create high energy, destructive waves which have considerable erosional power
        -the increased energy of the sea will mean more material can be transported and for greater distances. this could leave some areas vulnerable to erosion if they are left without much protection
        -the frequency of storm surges will increase. when combines with sea level rise, these surges will reach further inland and cause more damage
- - - - dredging in china
        -dredging along the coastline of california has had long term implications on the supply of sediment of the sant barabara littoral cell
        
        hard engineeering
        -the construction of hard engineering structures at the coastline can disrupt sediment cells
        -this means that by disrupting one bit ofcoast, areas further along the coast may be starved of sediment supply, which can then result in the deconstruction of beaches
        
        dredging
        -dredging involves the removal of sediment for use in construction. but this process has been linked to increased rates of coatsla retreat
        -removal of the sediment causes the depth of the ocean to increase
        -this can cause an increase in the coccurence of destructive waves at the coast because they can maintain their energy further towards the shoreline
  - - - wind direction
        -wind direction controls the movemt of waves, influmecing the rate of coatal erosion
        -a dominant wind direction causes powerful destructive waves to attack the coastline
        
        eg the south westerly wind directing waves across the atlantic ocean towards land ends in cornwall
        -this happens because the waves travelled a long distance, influencing by the dominant wind, which is linked to the the fetch of a wave
        
        weather systems
        -weather systems are influenced by areas of high pressure, creating anticyclones and areas of low pressure, creating depressions
        -increased belts of high pressire reduce the rate of coastal recession because this leads to calmer weather
        -belts of low pressure systems cause unsettles weather conditions
        
        tides
        -tides are linked to gravitational pull. when the pull is at its strongest, there are high tides. when the pull is at its weakest, there are low tides
        -during periods of high tide, the rate of coastal recession can increase because waves can reach towards the shore