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Tectonics EQ3, ⚠️ (response), the hazard managemnt cycle - Coggle Diagram

- - - - earthquakes since 1980
        -there have been between 15 and 40 disasters per year
        -deaths have varied in this time period with some large events in some years
        -large disasters have skewed numbers of deaths
        
        eg banda aceh 2004 and haiti 2010
        -economic losses caused by earthquakes have increased
        
        this is because there is more to lose as global affluence increases
        
        volcanoes since 1980
        -the no. volcanic disasters has been less than earthquakes
        -death toll from volvanoes have been much lower than from earthquakes
        
        there have been seven eruptions that have killed more than 100 people
        -the wider impacts of some recent eruptions have been significant as large scale evacuation was needed
    - - The Himalayas
        -some very large tectonic disasters have taken place in the collision zone of the Himalayas eg
        
        Kashmir 2005, sichuan 2008 and nepal 2015
        -there 3 events account for 40% of the earthquake deaths since 2005
        
        other tectonic mega disasters
        -major earthquake events also took place in Bnada Aceh 2004 and Haiti 2010 killing over 200,000 people each
        -the tohoku japan earthquake and tsunami 2001 had worldwise economic impacts
        -the eyjafijallajokull iceland eruption in 2010 also had a global impact both socially and economically. the ash cloud from the eruption disrupted flights all over teh world
    - - characteristics
        -multiple hazard zones are usually:
        
        geologically young with unstable mountain zzones prone to landslides
        
        tectonically active, which means that earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are common
        -often on major storm tracks either in the mid latitides or on tropical cyclone tracks
        -at risk from global climate perturbations such as ENSO
        
        ENSO
        -the el nino southern oscillation is a warm ocean current that replaces the usual cold current off the pacific coast of south america
        -it brings heavier rain that usual on the the coast, and drought inland
        -it also affects climate further afield such as california and the phillapeans
        -when other hazards occur in ENSO years, their rffects could be multiplied
  - - - key terms
        -prediction is knowing when and where a natural hazard will strike so that meaningful action can be taken eg evacuation
        -forecasting gives a 'percentage chance' of a hazard occuring
        
        eg there is a 25% chance of a magnitude 7.0 earthquake happening in the next 20 years
        
        volcanoes
        -most volcanoes give some form of advance warning
        -monitoring equipment on some volcanoes can measure changes as magma chambers fill and an eruption nears egs include
        
        tiltmeteres which record 'bulging' as the magma rises
        
        seismometers, which record minor earthquakes that indicate magma movement
        
        gas spectrometers, which analyse gas emissions that can point to increased eruption liklihood
        
        earthquakes and tsunamis
        -earthquakes give little advance warning- they are hard to predict
        -seismic gaps are areas that have not experienced an earthquake for some time and are 'overdue' these areas are regarded as being particularly high risk
        -for tsunamis, seismometers can tell an earthquake has occured and can locate it. ocean monitoring equipment can then detect tsunamis in the open sea and information can be relayed to coastal areas so that they can be evacuated
- - - - reponse and recovery
        -response
        
        immediate help in the from of rescue to save lives and aid to keep people alive. this includes providing ememrgency shelter, food and water
        
        -recovery
        
        rebuilding infrastructure and services after the disaster and rehabilitating injured (physically and mentally) people and their lives
        
        mitigation and preparedness
        -mitigation
        
        acting to reduce the scale of the next disaster by land use zoning aanf building hazrad rsisitant buildings and infrastructure
        
        -preparedness
        
        community education and resilience building, including how to act before, during and after a disaster
        
        improving redication warning and evacuation systems
  - - - land use and buildings
        -one way to modify the tectonic hazard event is to build resistant cities
        -land use zoning can be used to prevent building on low lying coasts to avoid tsunami damage. planners can also avoid building on areas close to volcanoes and areas where liquefaction (liquid mud that comes to the surface after earthquakes) islikely
        -aseismic building that have deep foundations and use cross bracing and counterweights can be built to resist earthquake damage
        
        physical defences
        -physical man made defences can be built to try and interfere with the path of a natural hqzard
        
        tsunami defences can be made by building strong seawalls and breakwaters
        
        lava diversion and control can be done by building channels and cooling areas with water
    - - modifying vulnerability
        -a few ways the the vulnerability of a place to a natural disaster can be reduced
        
        through using high-tech monitoring equipment to monitor volcanoes and predict eruptions
        
        through community preparedness and education. govs can provide earthquake kits, prepareation days and risk education
        
        people can adapt by moving out of danger areas and relocating
        
        modifying loss
        -the losses that people experience in disasters can be modified
        
        emergency aid stright after the event like search and recue
        
        long term aid to help reconstruction and becoming more resilient can be improved
        
        montary compensation can be given to people who have lost houses and belongings through insureance, but this is mostly restriced to developing countries
- - - - long term responses
        -gov report commisioned to establish principles for recovery
        -report focused on furture saftery measures (eg higher tsunami wall), greater environmental awareness for future planning (eg avoiding flat coastal areas) and long term support for those who had lost relatives or been otherwise affected
- - - - prediction and preparedness