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1625-29, Emergence of conflict and the end of consensus - Coggle Diagram
1625-29, Emergence of conflict and the end of consensus
Legacy of James 1st, pre 1625
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James' death
- Died in 1625, bequeathing Charles a very mixed legacy
- This mixed legacy is due to the collapse of all hope of a Spanish match after a misguided dash to Spain by Charles and Buckingham ended in humiliation
- Charles married to princess Henrietta Maria a Catholic
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Foreign Policy
- Parliament was wary of Charles' active foreign policy and refused to grant him sufficient funds to pursue war with Spain without the ongoing co-operation of parliament
- Parliaments big reference point for this mistrust was th Mansfield expedition Charles led with Buckingham in 1624
Cadiz expedition, 1625
- Charles continued to support Frederick and sent an invasion fleet to the Spanish port of Cadiz in the hopes of opening the war against the Spanish up on a second front
- However most soldiers rendered themselves useless by getting drunk and they failed to capture the port and any treasure that was their
- The humiliating fiasco was blamed on Buckingham as Lord High Admiral and parliament were furious
Relations with France
- After the marriage of Charles and Henrietta Maria, the English expected to be able to cooperate with France in their foreign policy against Spain
- However, Louis 8th was determined to act only in the interests of France
- He refused to join in an alliance with England and eventually in 1626 agreed peace with the Spanish
- Furthermore, The marriage between Charles and Henrietta Maria had started very badly, they argued intensly and resulted in a complete breach
- It seemed the allignment with France was completely pointless
Impeachment of Buckingham, May 1626
- Parliament sought to place the Balme for foreign policy on Buckingham, Charles blamed parliament for the lack of money they were willing to give him
- Parliament started impeachment proceedings against Buckingham
- Charles to stop such proceeding's undiplomatically threatened parliament with absolutist rule and then dissolved parliament in 1926 to ensure Montagu and Buckinghams safety
The La Rochelle raids, 1627-28
- Buckingham launched another naval expedition in hope of relieving the huguenots (French protestants) under attack at La Rochelle
- This sparked war between England and France and after months of deadlock the English failed and sailed home after another exspensive debacle
- Charles' loyalty to the duke now appeared even more misguided than before
- Worse still Charles' funds had now been spent and he was forced to recall parliament in March 1628
Parliamentary radicalism
- 1629, Kings messenger 'Black rod' arrived at Westminster to advice the HOC that the king had decided to dissolve parliament
- Amazingly the door was slammed shut on his face, a devastating blow to the kings authority
- The commons protestation was called out whilst the doors were closed, opened back up to Black rod
- Parliament was not called for another 11 years
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A crises of parliament
- Parliament was recalled in March 1628 because Charles was in dire need of money to fund his foreign policy
- Crown and parliament looked to make something of a fresh start to their relationship
- Even Buckingham displayed willingness to be flexible
- The most jarring note was provided by Charles himself who informed parliament that if they did not provide him adequate funds he would act in which ever way he saw fit with Gods authority
- Commons offered the king five subsides and a grant of Tonnage and Poundage, they answered his financial needs and expected grievences to be considered in return
Commons grievances, financial
Commons hoped the king would respond to their concerns about:
- Extra-Parliamentary taxation, including tonnage and poundage and ship money (Ancient tax that could be levied on ports and coastal counties)
- Billeting, Soldiers abroad were rarely taken in but the financial compensation for taking them in was still collected
Commons grievances, legal
- Martial law, In order to stop soldiers billeted In the south west from becoming out of control martial law was imposed, local Gentry feared the king could use Martial law to permanently undermine the legal system making his absolutism easier
- Habeas corpus, Related to the five knights who had been imprisoned over the forced loan, Parliament was furious with the kings actions in this case
Heath's actions
- Robert Heath (the kings chief legal advisor) had falsified the legal record of the five knights case which enraged parliament
- Heaths actions would have dramatically increased the power of the king without parliamentary approval
- Extreme Mp's suggest a Bill of Rights to propose to the king however settled on the less aggressive Petition of Right
The Petition Of Right, 1628
Asked the king to confirm four ancient liberties:
- Subjects could be taxed only by parliamentary consent
- Subjects can only be imprisoned if just cause was demonstrated in court
- The imposition of billeting on the population was illegal
- The imposition of Martial law on the civilian population was illegal
- In order to be presented to the king both the Lords and the Commons had to agree to it, Ultimately the Lords gave their agreement to the petition and passed it to the king
- This is a mark of the extent Charles had alienated himself from his natural allies
- Charles accepted the petition in June 1628
Consequences
- Any hope that it could re-establish mutual trust between crown and parliament swiftly evaporated
- Charles tried to not use specific terminology that would have not made it legally binding and parliament once again had to use the kings financial position against him to get him to sign properly
Assassination of Buckingham
- August 1628 Buckingham was assassinated by someone who had previously fought in the Ice de the expedition
Consequences
- Charles held parliament responsible for the assassination
- Charles and Henrietta Maria grew closer
- Charles distanced hismelf further from ordinary people after the surprise of people celebrating the death
- Charles had the opportunity to reallocate patronage to a wider circle because of how much Buckingham had ammassed over the years
- Buckingham had been a convenient scapegoat for Charles over the past decade and Criticism would now be directly levelled at Charles
1929 Parliament
- Parliament recalled in Jan 1629 and two fundamental issues not previously addressed came to light**
- Tonnage and poundage, Was not specifically mentioned within the petition of right and the king refused to surrender his rights to collect it
- Religion, Charles promoted Laud and Montague who were both Arminians and appeared to be catholic sympathisers. Made parliamentarians worry the king sympathises with the catholics
- Trust was entirely eroded in 1629 when the king tampered with the Petition Of Right trying to make the legality of the document ambiguous
- Radical Mp's began to discuss permanent ways to limit the kings power
- They were dissolved before action could be taken