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American Civil Rights (1890- 1945) - Coggle Diagram
American Civil Rights (1890- 1945)
Impact of the Jim Crow laws
De facto segregation
(Not law, just exists) slowly developed into
de jure segregation
(enforced by law & government).
'Jim Crow' laws were passed in the
southern states.
They
denied
black people equal rights.
Black people and white people were segregated.
Black people were not allowed to use 'whites only' public facilities.
The roots of
Jim Crow laws began as early as 1865
, immediately following the ratification of th
e 13th Amendment,
which abolished slavery in the United States.
Some states
(Louisiana 1898)
issued
requirements to vote
which the black community did not have. This was known as the
'Grandfather Clause'
which made
suffrage dependent on ancestry.
Other states
(Mississippi 1890)
set numeracy and literacy requirements to vote. This
stopped black voters
as most were not educated.
The Great Migration (South to North)
Cause:-
Jim Crow Laws
suppressed
the black community
KKK
terrorised
the black community
Those that were freed from slavery still had to
work the land as
sharecroppers
Reconstruction era in the North after the Civil War saw a huge amount of factory, which allowed
black workers to earn up to 3x more then those in the South
Effect:-
Between 1910 - 1940
1.5 Million
African Americans moved to the North
The Black community
'voted with their feet'
In the North
factory labourers were needed
due to the involvement in the First World War (European immigration stopped/ African American migration began)
Most African Americans were
forced to live in ghettos
TGM
created the
first large urban black community within the North
(20% increase between 1910- 30)
However:-
Mass migration led to an increase of racial tension
(1919 - race riots in 25 cities)
1920s
Marcus Garvey
founded the
UNIA
which pushed for a strong independent economic base for African Americans
He later found the
'Black Factories Corporation'
and
'Black Star Line'
The NAACP
The roles of:
Booker T Washington: Accommodationist
Accept segregation
and make the most of the economic opportunity through development of black educational and vocational skills.
He was head of the
'Tuskegee Institute'
in Alabama
Washington was able to
gain relations
with key figures such as
President Roosevelt
and white elites that
funded his cause
Found
West Virginia State Uni (1891)
which aided in educating the black community
Found
'National Urban League' (1910)
which helped black workers adjust to urban life. NUL helped around
2 million people
during its time
W Du Bois: Activist
Helped create
the NAACP
1900, he wanted a
more active resistance
to discrimination
Du Bois
criticised
Washington by saying Washington's ideas and the Tuskegee Institute was
designed to keep the black community in the old rural South
He helped found the
Niagara Movement (1905)
The NAACP was
established in 1909
, by an interracial group of activists, partially in response to the 1908 Springfield race riot in Illinois.
It aimed to fight
segregation through legal actions and better education
- by demonstrating their abilities and skills,
black people would earn respect from whites
, and
gradually achieve full civil rights.
The NAACP was
peaceful
, and focused on
legal/constitutional methods.
They achieved some suggest in
1915, when they were able to use the courts to outlaw the 'grandfather clause'
and gained publicity for their anti- lynching campaign.
1919- Around 88,500 members.
The impact of the depression and New Deal
The New Deal
Causes:-
The
Wall Street Crash (1929)
There were an
increasing number
of the black community in poverty
before 1929
Roosevelt was elected President
Effects:-
Of the 3 million jobs created by the CCC,
only a quarter of a million
of these jobs employed African Americans, when over
30% of the black community required jobs.
When African Americans were hired, they were
limited to unskilled labour
and
faced harsher treatment
than their colleagues.
AAA (1933)
evicted sharecroppers and tenants which left the
87% of the black community unemployed.
AAA gave no federal aid to the black workers
Black workers were the
first to be sacked
, and the
last to be hired
-
FERA (1933)
spend
$4 billion
for welfare aid. However, only
one third
of the black community was helped by this program.
Many
states made it hard
for the black workers to get the welfare aid and when they did it was
less than the whites payroll
The Depression
During the Great Depression, the unemployment rate rose to
25% in 1933.
By 1932,
one of every four workers was unemployed.
Banks failed and life savings were lost, leaving many Americans destitute. With no job and no savings, thousands of
Americans lost their homes.
By
1932
, hunger marches and small riots
were common
throughout the nation.
The impact of World War 2
In 1939, the outbreak of WW2
America stayed out
America joined in 1941, after Pearl Harbour
17 million new civilian jobs were created
, industrial productivity increased by
96%
, and corporate profits after taxes doubled.
The USA began
trading with Britain and France
to aid them in the war effort