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Topic 9a - Analysis - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) --> AgCl(s)
      - Aq+ (aq) + Br- (aq) --> AgBr (s)
      - Ag+ (aq) + I- (aq) --> AgI (s)
  - - - Add sodium hydroxide solution
      - Heat the solution, and ammonia will be produced
    - - Damp red litmus paper turns blue
      - Hydrogen chloride gas reacts with ammonia to form a white smoke of ammonium chloride
- - - - To test a substance, dip the clean loop in a solution of the ions and hold at the edge of a blue flame
      - Different metal ions in compounds produce different and distinctive colours in flame test
      - Clean the flame test loop in HCL acid after each test and then rinse with distilled water
    - - Lithium (Li+) = crimson
      - Sodium (Na+) = Yellow
      - Potassium (K+) = Lilac
      - Calcium (Ca2+) = Orange-Red
      - Copper (Cu2+) = Blue-Green
  - - - Some metal ions form coloured hydroxide precipitates.
      - The sample solution is placed in a test tube and a few drops of dilute sodium hydroxide solution are added
      - Many metal hydroxides are insolulbe and preicpitaet out of a solution when formed
    - - Copper (Cu2+) = Blue
      - Iron(II) (Fe2+) = Green
      - Iron(III) (Fe3+) = Brown
      - Calcium(Ca2+) = White
      - Aluminium(Al3+) = White then redissolves to colourless
    - - Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) --> Ca(OH)2 (s)
      - Cu2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) --> Cu(OH)2 (s)
      - Fe2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) --> Fe(OH)2 (s)
      - Fe3+ (aq) + 30H- (aq) --> Fe(OH)3 (s)
      - Al3+ (aq) + 3OH- (aq) --> Al(OH)3 (s)
      - Then : Al(OH)3 (s) + OH- (aq) --> Al(OH)4- (aq)