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Systems (SAQ/SEQ) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Stratum corneum
        
        Aka Horny layer
        
        Rich in Keratin
        
        Has keratinocyte
        
        Produces keratin
        
        Function of Keratin:
        
        Protects the tissue form heat and chemicals
        
        Prevents escape of fluid from deeper tissue
        
        Responsible for formation of hair and nails
        
        Contains a waterproof hard protein substance
        
        Papillae (MCQ)
        
        Produces fingerprint
      - Stratum germinativum (Inner most layer)
        
        Aka germinative layer
        
        Site for formation of new cells
        
        Possible cells found in the layer
        
        Has melanocyte
        
        Produces melanin
        
        Function
        
        Protects skin from harmful effects of UV rays
        
        Gives skin its colour
        
        Merkel
        
        Function: Sensory receptors for touch
    - - Consist of white fibrous tissues containing many elastic fibers (MCQ)
      - Contains the following structures
        
        Network of blood vessels
        
        Function
        
        Regulate body temperature
        
        Carry oxygen nutrients to dermis and carry o2 and waste products from dermis
        
        Nerve ending
        
        Receive sensation (Pain, touch, pressure, temperature) & send to the brain & react accordingly
        
        Hair and hair follicles
        
        Protect from elements and trauma
        
        Arrector pili muscle
        
        Unable to control the muscle when muscle contract, appear goose pimple in case of fear & cold
        
        Sweat glands (Exocrine)
        
        Regulate body temperature
        
        Excrete waste
        
        2 Types of sweat glands
        
        Apocrine glands
        
        Present in axillary and genital area
        
        Eccrine gland
        
        Present all over the body
        
        Sweat + Sebum
        
        Form thin moist layer
        
        Have antibacterial action
        
        Sebaceous glands (Exocrine) (Oil gland)
        
        Produces sebum
        
        Function of sebum
        
        Keep skin soft and moist
        
        Prevent air from becoming brittle
  - - - FIrst line of defense against external environment
        
        Acts as a barrier to harmful agents
      - Waterproof quality of outer layer
        
        → Inhibits excess water absorption
        → Prevents abnormal loss of body fluids
      - Contains nerve ending sensitive to painful stimuli
        
        Transmits impulses to brain
        
        Alerts individual of occurence of damage
    - - Touch
      - Pressure
      - Temp
      - Pain
    - - Played a major role in Maintenace of constant body temp
      - Controlled by hypothalamus (Present in the brain)
        
        Receives sensory stimuli from nerve endings
        
        Sensitive to the temp of blood passing through
      - Response to hot stimuli (Heat)
        
        Dilation of blood vessels
        
        More blood fows to the skin
        
        Transfer of heat from deeper tissues to skin
        
        Activation of sweat glands
        
        Sweat evaporates from the skin surface
        
        Causing heat loss
      - Response to cold stimuli
        
        Constriction of blood vessels
        
        Prevent heat loss
        
        Decrease blood flow to skin
        
        Traps blood and heat in deeper tissues
        
        Inhibition of swear glands
        
        Decrease activity of sweat glands
    - - Regulation of fluid and electrolyte bal
      - On exposure to uv rays
- - - - Lined with very vascular ciliated columnar epithelium which contains mucus secreting goblet cells
      - Function
        
        Organ of smell
        
        Sticky mucus traps dust & other small particles
        
        Rich supply of blood warms and moistens inhaled air
      - Nasal septum
        
        A partition that separates the right and left nostrils which is made of bone and cartilage
      - Nares
        
        2 Openings where air can enter the nasal cavities
    - - Located behind the oral cavity, between the nasal cavity and larynx
      - Includes 3 parts
        
        Nasopharynx (Upper)
        
        Function
        
        Protects the tympanic membrane (Eardrums) from changes in atmospheric pressure with equal air pressure in middle and outer ear
        
        Warms and moisten inhaled air
        
        Protects from infection by lymphoid tissues (Adenoids)
        
        Has tonsils and adenoids at posteriors wall
        
        Oropharynx (Middle)
        
        Function: Passageway for food and air
        
        Lies behind the mouth
        
        Laryngopharynx (Lower)
        
        Lies behind the oropharynx.
    - - Function
        
        Passageway for air
        
        Moistens, warm and filter air
        
        Vocal cords vibrates to produce sound
      - Includes 3 parts (MCQ)
        
        Epiglottis
        
        Will open when we breathe
        
        Thyroid cartilage
        
        Cricoid cartilage
      - Voice box
        
        In normal breathing, vocal cords are apart (Open)
        
        Vocal production
        
        Vocal cords are close
        
        Expired air causes the vibration of the vocal cords
    - - Aka windpipe
      - Contains cilia that traps dirt and foreign matters
      - Filter, warm and moisten air
      - Anteriority
        
        Front
        
        Prevents the collapse of trachea
        
        Made of 16-20 C-shaped rings of cartilage
      - Posterior
        
        Rings are opened at the back
        
        For oesophagus to expand
        into trachea during swallowing
    - - Right bronchi
        
        Divided into 3 branches = 3 lobes in the right lung
      - Left bronchi
        
        Divided into 2 branches = 2 lobes in the left lung
    - - Smallest branch of the bronchi
      - Divided into alveolar dust which terminate in clusters of air sacs called alveoli
    - - Tiny sacs that form at the end of respiratory passages surrounded by networks of capillaries
      - Function: Exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries
    - - One lung on each side of mediastinum
      - Located at the thoracic cavity
      - Made up of elastic tissue for lung expansion and reoil
      - Pleura
        
        Parietal layer
        
        Lines the chest wall
        
        Visceral layer
        
        Cover to the lungs
        
        Pleura cavity
        
        Space between the 2 layers
        
        Filled with serous fluid to prevent friction between the 2 layers during respiration
    - - Intercostal Muscle (In-between ribs)
      - Diaphragm
        
        Accessory muscle of respiration
        
        Muscle of thorax
        
        Muscle of neck
        
        Muscle of abdomen
      - DIM
    - - Must rmb at least 3 of those fucnctions
        
        2 General functions
        
        Passageway for air
        
        Moisten and warm inhaled air
  - - - Exchanges of gases between air in alveoli and blood in the capillaries through diffusion
      - Higher concerntration of O2 in alveoli than blood
        
        O2 diffuse from alveoli to blood
      - Higher concentration of CO2 in blood than alveoli
        
        CO2 diffuse from blood to alveoli
    - - Exchanges of gases between the bloodstream and tissue
      - Higher concentration of O2 in blood than tissue
      - Higher concentration of CO2 in tissue than blood
    - - All cells need energy to function