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Reproductive System Gissel Hernandez per. 5 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System
Gissel Hernandez
per. 5
Anatomy of Female
Reproductive Structure
• Reproductive role of female more complex because of pregnancy
• Ovaries: female gonads
– Produce female gametes (ova)
– Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen (estradiol, estrone, estriol), and
progesterone
• Internal genitalia: located in pelvic cavity; include ovaries and duct system (uterine
tubes, uterus, and vagina)
• External genitalia: external sex organs
• Uterine tube system does not have direct contact with ovaries
– Ovulated oocyte is released into peritoneal cavity, where some oocytes never
make it to tube system
• Tube system includes:
– Uterine tubes
– Uterus
– Vagina
Major Functions of Reproductive System
(Male and Female)
Male and female reproductive organs are quite different, but share same four tasks:
– 1. Form specialized cells for sexual reproduction call gametes
▪ Sperm – gametes in males
▪ Ova(eggs) – gametes in females
– 2. Bring gametes from male and female together through sexual intercourse
(copulation)
– 3. Combine genetic information contained within gametes through fertilization
▪ Zygote is formed when sperm and egg fuse
– Zygote is first cell of new individual and all body cells arise from it
– 4. Support development of fetus (gestation) and birth of baby (parturition)
• Reproductive role of female more complex because of pregnancy
• Ovaries: female gonads
– Produce female gametes (ova)
– Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen (estradiol, estrone, estriol), and
progesterone
• Internal genitalia: located in pelvic cavity; include ovaries and duct system (uterine
tubes, uterus, and vagina)
• External genitalia: external sex organs
• Uterine tube system does not have direct contact with ovaries
– Ovulated oocyte is released into peritoneal cavity, where some oocytes never
make it to tube system
• Tube system includes:
– Uterine tubes
– Uterus
– Vagina
• Testes: sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum
• Sperm is delivered to body through system of ducts:
– 1. epididymis
– 2. ductus deferens
– 3. ejaculatory duct
– 4. urethra
• Accessory sex glands: seminal glands, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands
Hormone of the Reproductive System
(Male and Female)
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis
• Hormones involved:
– Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
▪ Released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells via
hypophyseal portal system
– Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) –
gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
• Sex hormones: testosterone (males) and estrogen and progesterone (females)
act at target tissues in body
▪ Exert negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
• Inhibin: released from gonads of both male and female
– Exerts negative feedback on FSH release from anterior pituitary
Male:
Female:
Methods and Classification of Contraceptives
You and your partner getting tested
No intercourse at all
Making sure your partner is clean
Male and Female Condoms
Disorders Associated with the Reproductive System
• STIs are also called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or venereal diseases
(VDs)
• U.S. has highest rates of infection among developed countries
• Latex condoms help prevent spread
• STIs are single most important cause of reproductive disorders
Chlamydia
• Most common bacterial STI in United States
– Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
– Can be contracted from birth canal by newborns
• Responsible for 25–50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Symptoms: urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse; irregular menses
Trichomoniasis
• Parasitic infection that is more common in women than men
• Easily and inexpensively treated
• Symptoms: 70% of women have no symptoms
– 30% have yellow-green vaginal discharge with strong odor
Gonorrhea
• Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
– Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Most infections are asymptomatic
• In males, symptoms can include urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus from penis
(penile “drip”)
– Untreated can cause urethral constriction and inflammation of duct system
• In females, symptoms can include abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, or abnormal
uterine bleeding and possible urethral symptoms
– Untreated can result in pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility
• Treatment: antibiotics, but resistant strains are becoming prevalent
– Treatment with at least two antibiotics is now required
Syphilis
• Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally
– Caused by Treponema pallidum
– Infected fetuses can be stillborn or die shortly after birth
• Bacteria invades mucosae or even broken skin
• Infection is asymptomatic for 2–3 weeks and then painless chancre appears at site of infection
Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structur
• Male and female reproductive structures are homologous structures
– Share a common origin during development
– Example: male testes and female ovaries, or male penis and female clitoris
• Primary sex organs (gonads): testes (male) and ovaries (female) product two
products:
– 1. Gametes: sperm (male) and ova (females)
▪ Gamete formed by cell division called meiosis
– 2. Sex hormones (steroid hormones): Testosterone (males) and estrogens and
progesterone (females)
▪ Vital in development and function of reproductive organs and other
organs/tissues, sexual behavior, sexual drives
• Accessory reproductive organs: ducts, glands, and external genitalia
• Testes: sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum
• Sperm is delivered to body through system of ducts:
– 1. epididymis
ductus deferens
-3. ejaculatory ducts
urethra
Accessory sex glands, seminal glands, and bulbourethral glands
Events of Female Hormonal Cycle
• During follicular phase, several vesicular (antral) follicles become sensitive to FSH
and are stimulated to grow
– One dominant follicle becomes especially sensitive to FSH
• FSH levels drop around middle of follicular phase
– Dominant follicle outcompetes other follicles and is only one to continue on
– Other non-dominant follicles will undergo atresia
• Primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte
and first polar body
Ovulation
• In-between Follicular and Luteal phase
• Ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata
into peritoneal cavity
• 1–2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which, if fertilized,
results in fraternal twins
– Identical twins result from fertilization of one oocyte, then separation of
daughter cells
• Ovarian cycle: monthly (~28 day) series of events associated with maturation of egg
– Two consecutive phases, with ovulation occurring midcycle between phases
– Follicular phase: period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1–14)
– Luteal phase: period of corpus luteum activity (days 14–28)
• Only 10–15% women have 28-day cycle
– Follicular phase varies, but luteal phase is always 14 days from ovulation to end
of cycle