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Reproductive System- Natalia Gomez-Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System- Natalia Gomez-Period 5
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)
Reproductive system does not function continuously like other organ systems
– Does not become active until puberty
• Male and female reproductive organs are quite different, but share same four tasks:
– 1. Form specialized cells for sexual reproduction call gametes
Sperm – gametes in males
Ova(eggs) – gametes in females
– 2. Bring gametes from male and female together through sexual intercourse
– 3. Combine genetic information contained within gametes through fertilization
Zygote is formed when sperm and egg fuse
– Zygote is first cell of new individual and all body cells arise from it
anatomy of male reproductive system
Testes: sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum
• Sperm is delivered to body through system of ducts:
– 1. epididymis
– 2. ductus deferens
– 3. ejaculatory duct
– 4. urethra
• Accessory sex glands: seminal glands, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands
anatomy of duct system
Accessory ducts carry sperm from testes to body exterior:
– Epididymis
– Ductus deferens
– Ejaculatory duct
– Urethra
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Reproductive role of female more complex because of pregnancy
• Ovaries: female gonads
– Produce female gametes (ova)
– Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen (estradiol, estrone, estriol), and
progesterone
• Internal genitalia: located in pelvic cavity; include ovaries and duct system (uterine
tubes, uterus, and vagina)
• External genitalia: external sex organs
duct system
Uterine tube system does not have direct contact with ovaries
– Ovulated oocyte is released into peritoneal cavity, where some oocytes never
make it to tube system
• Tube system includes:
– Uterine tubes
– Uterus
– Vagina
The Uterus
Hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ
• Function is to receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
• Regions of uterus
– Body: major portion
– Fundus: rounded superior region
– Isthmus: narrowed inferior region
– Cervix: narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina
– Cervical canal communicates with:
Vagina via external os
Uterine body via internal os
Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)
Hormones involved:
– Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells via
hypophyseal portal system
– Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) –
gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
• Sex hormones: testosterone (males) and estrogen and progesterone (females)
act at target tissues in body
Exert negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
• Inhibin: released from gonads of both male and female
– Exerts negative feedback on FSH release from anterior pituitary
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
Female Sterilization-Tube Ligation and is surgical with 95% of the risk to pregnancy
Male Sterilization- Vasectomy and is surgical with an 85% of risk for pregnancy
IUD- T-shaped piece of plastic inserted into the uterus and is a mechincal protection with a 98% risk of pregnancy
Inhectables-A form of hormones birth control for women, its a surgical and 96% risk of pregnancy
Pill- Birth Control pill and is a behavioral protection with a 92% risk of pregnancy.
Diaphgram- A drawing of structure working and a mechnical protection with a 88% risk for pregnancy
Internal Condom-"Female Condoms" a little pouch that you put on and its a mechnical protection with a 21 out of 100 risk for pregnancy.
External Condoms-must use everytimr you have sex, its a mechnical protection with a 13 out of 100 risk for pregnancy
Fertility Awareness- Identifying fertile day of mnstrual cycle with a behavioral protection and a 24 out of 100 risk of pregnancy
Events of the female hormonal cycles (be sure to include all categories)
Follicular
Follicles and oocytes may take nearly a year to mature before ovulation can occur
• Maturation processes occurs in two phases:
– Phase 1: gonadotropin-independent pre-antral phase involves intrafollicular
paracrines
– Phase 2: antral phase stimulated by FSH and LH
Dominant follicle is selected
Primary oocyte resumes meiosis I
Ovulation
In-between Follicular and Luteal phase
• Ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata
into peritoneal cavity
• 1–2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which, if fertilized,
results in fraternal twins
– Identical twins result from fertilization of one oocyte, then separation of
daughter cells
Luteal
After ovulation, ruptured follicle collapses, and antrum fills with clotted blood
• Remaining cells form corpus luteum
• Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen
• If no pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans (scar) in
10 days (Fig. 27.23 Step 7)
Menstrual
Days 1–5: menstrual phase
Ovarian hormones are at lowest levels
Gonadotropin levels are beginning to rise
Stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall and is shed
– Menstrual flow of blood and tissue lasts 3–5 days
By day 5, growing ovarian follicles start to produce more estrogen
Days 6–14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase
Rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
– As layer thickens, glands enlarge, and spiral arteries increase in number
Estrogen also increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
Thins out normally thick, sticky cervical mucus to facilitate sperm passage
Ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase on day 14
Disorders associated with the reproductive system (including STI’s
STI's
STIs are also called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or venereal diseases
(VDs)
• U.S. has highest rates of infection among developed countries
• Latex condoms help prevent spread
• STIs are single most important cause of reproductive disorders
Chlamydia
Most common bacterial STI in United States
– Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
– Can be contracted from birth canal by newborns
• Responsible for 25–50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Symptoms: urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain;
painful intercourse; irregular menses
Trichomoniasis
Parasitic infection that is more common in women than men
• Easily and inexpensively treated
• Symptoms: 70% of women have no symptoms
– 30% have yellow-green vaginal discharge with strong odo
Gonorrhea
Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
– Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Most infections are asymptomatic
• In males, symptoms can include urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus from penis
(penile “drip”)
– Untreated can cause urethral constriction and inflammation of duct system
Syphilis
Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally
– Caused by Treponema pallidum
– Infected fetuses can be stillborn or die shortly after birth
• Bacteria invades mucosae or even broken skin
• Infection is asymptomatic for 2–3 weeks and then painless chancre appears at site of
infection