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Reproductive System by Adrian Leandro - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System by Adrian Leandro
Major Functions
Form specialized cells for sexual reproduction call gametes
Bring gametes from male and female together through sexual intercourse
Combine genetic information contained within gametes through fertilization
Support development of fetus and birth of baby
Hormones of Reproductive System
Testosterone(male): Prompts spermatogenesis and targets all accessory organs; has multiple anabolic effects throughout body
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal system
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
Luteinizing hormone (LH): gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
Inhibin: released from gonads of both male and female
Estrogen:
Events of Female Hormonal Cycles
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular phase
several vesicular (antral) follicles become sensitive to FSH and are stimulated to grow. SH levels drop around middle of follicular phase. Primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte and first polar body
Luteal phase
Ruptured follicle collapses, and antrum fills with clotted blood. Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen
Ovulation
Ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
Uterine Cycle
Menstrual Phase
Ovarian hormones are at lowest levels. Gonadotropin levels are beginning to rise. Stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall and is shed
Proliferative Phase
Rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer. Estrogen also increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium. Thins out thick, sticky cervical mucus to facilitate sperm passage
Secretory Phase
Endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
Reproductive Disorders
Chlamydia
: Most common bacterial STI in United States
Symptoms: urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse; irregular menses.
Treatment: Antibiotics
Trichomoniasis
: Parasitic infection that is more common in women than men Symptoms: 30% of women have yellow-green vaginal discharge with strong odor Treatment:
Gonorrhea
: Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
Male Symptoms: urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus from penis
Female Symptoms: abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, or abnormal uterine bleeding
Treatment: antibiotics, but resistant strains are becoming prevalent
Syphilis
: Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally; Bacteria invades mucosae or even broken skin
Symptoms: Pink skin rash, fever, and joint pain can develop
Treatment: penicillin
Anatomy of Reproductive Structures
Male
Testes: sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum
The Scrotum: Contains paired testes
Accessory Ducts
Epididymis: where sperm matures
Ductus deferens (vas deferens)- Passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity
Ejaculatory duct- formed where seminal vesicle joins vas deferens
Urethra: Conveys both urine and semen at different times
Penis: Male sex organ
Accessory Gland
Seminal glands (seminal vesicles): produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
Prostate: Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid; Encircles urethra inferior to bladder
Bulbo-urethral glands(Cowper’s gland): Produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
Female
Ovaries: female gonads,
Ovarian follicles: tiny saclike structures embedded in cortex
Accessory Ducts
Uterine Tubes: receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization; during ovulation, uterine tube captures oocyte
Uterus: Function is to receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
Vagina: functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation
External Genitalia
Mons pubis: fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
Labia majora: hair-covered, fatty skin folds
Labia minora: skin folds lying within labia majora
Vestibule: recess within labia minora
Clitoris: anterior to vestibule
Mammary Glands
Areola: pigmented skin surrounding nipple
Methods/Classifications of Contraceptives
Diaphragm: Mechanical
Sterilization: Surgical
IUD: Mechanical
Pill: Chemical
Injectables: Chemical
External Condom: Mechanical
Internal Condom: Mechanical
Spermicides: Chemical
Withdrawal: Behavioral