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Kaylen Manriquez Period 5 Reproductive system - Coggle Diagram
Kaylen Manriquez
Period 5
Reproductive system
Anatomy of the male reproductive system
epididymus 2. ductus deferens 3. ejaculatory duct 4. urethra 5. accessory sex gland: seminal gland, prostate and bulbo urethral glands 6. scrotum
scrotum: sac of skin and superficial, hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis (ball sac)
testes: sperm producing male gonads that lie within scrotum
seminiferous tubules: site of production
penis: male copulating organ, made up of urethra and erectile tissue
erection: erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid
epididymus: sperm matures, ejaculation, epididymus, contracts, expelling sperm
ductus deferes: passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity, joins duct of seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct
pathway of sperm: Seminiferous tubules → Rete testis → Vasa efferentia → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra.
seminal vesicles: contain smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation, produces viscous alkalike seminal fluid
prostate: secretes milky acid fluid, citrate, enzymes, and prostate
bulbo urethral glands: produce thick clear mucus during sexual arousal, lubricate glans penis
semen: milky white mixture of sperm and accessory glands secretions, one ejaculation contains 150 million sperm
contains fructose for atp production that protects and activates sperm and facilitates sperm movement
spermatogenesis: process of forming male gametes which occurs in seminiferous tubes, 90 million sperm are made daily
hormones of the reproductive system
female:
estrogen:
promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
induce secondary sex characteristics
growth of breasts
maintains low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels
Follicle-stimulating hormone: helps manage the menstrual cycle and stimulates the ovaries to produce eggs
progesterone:
works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
promote changes in cervical mucus
placental progesterone during pregnancy
inhibits uterine mobility
helps prepare breasts for lactation
luteinizing hormone: plays a key role in gonadal function. LH in synergy with follicle stimulating hormone
male/ testosterone
synthesized from cholestral and is transferred at some target cells
basis of sex drive, facial, pubic, axillary hair
deepening of voice
major functions of the reproductive system
bring gametes from male and female together through copulation sex
combine genetic information contained within gametes through fertilization
form specialized cells for sexual reproduction called gametes
support development of fetus and birth of baby
disorders and STIs and STDs of the reproductive system
genital warts
causes cervical, penile, anal cancers
causes warts
most common sti in US
vaccination
syphlis:
bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally (infected fetus still born and die shortly after birth
bacteria invades mucosae or broken skin
asymptomatic 2-3 weeks
treatment pencilin
genital herpes:
viral infection caused by herpes simplex virus
15% show symptoms
spread by body fluids and sexual activity
treatment antiviral drugs
gonorrhea:
bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tract
treatment: antibiotics
untreated results in pelvic inflammatory disease
clamydia:
caused by chlamydia trachomatis
causes 25-50% pelvic inflammatory disease
20% of women and 10% of men experience symptoms
trichomoniasis parasite:
parasitic infection/ easily treated
20% have no symptoms
30% yellow, green vaginal discharge
treatment: antibiotics
breath cancer: 13 develop, most common malignancy and 2nd common cause of cancer death
treatment: radiation, chemo
puberty
when reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional
secondary sex characteristics appear
rising gonadal hormones
earliest time for reproduction
cervical cancer
affects 4500 women, killing half, common between ages 30 & 50, tumor in uterus
papsmear for detection, every 3 years 21-every 5 30-64
menopause:
menses have ceased for an entire year
declining estrogen levels cause
astrophy of reproductive organs and breasts, irritability and depression, blood vessels undergo intense vasodilation
treatment: estrogen, progesterone
anatomy of the female reproductive system
uterus: muscular organ, recieve, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum(egg/baby)
cervix: projects into vagina, cervical canal, communicates with vagina via external
ovaries: female gonads that secrete sex hormones, almond shaped
tiny sac like structures embedded in cortex, contain immature egg oocyte
uterine tubes
site of fertilization, they capture oocyte and is carried along smooth peristalsis
infundibulum: funnel shaped opening, contains fimbrae that drape over ovary, site fertilization
uterine walls:
Perimetrium: outermost serous layer
myometrium:bulky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
endometrium: mucosal lining fertilized egg burrows into endometrium and resides there during development
The vagina: birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, organ of copulation, forms incomplete pertition called hymen that ruptures with intercourse
external genitalia: outerlayer of the vagina includes the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, vestibule and clitoris
female duct system: doesn't have contact with ovaries and includes uterine tubes, uterus and vagina
Methods and classifications of contraceptives
diaphragm: silicone cup thats inserted into vagina hours before sex
88% effective
birth control pill: must swallow pill everyday at exact same time and contains hormones to change way body works to avoid pregnancy
91% effective
internal condom: placed inside vagina before any contact with penis
95% effective
small t shaped plastic and copper device into womb/uterus
99% effective
external condom: latex condom placed on penis and applied before sexual intercourse
98% effectiveness
injectables: shot every 3 months that prevents pregnancy by stopping the egg from being released from ovary
94% effective
fertility awareness: set of practice used to determine fertile and infertile phase of a womens menstrual cycle
99%-95% effective
male sterlization: form of male birth control that cuts the supply of sperm to semen
99% effective
withdrawl: pulling out the penis before ejaculating in a vagina
78% effective
female sterlization:
tying the fallopian tubes to disrupt the oath normally taken by eggs from ovaries
lasts permanently
over 99% of effective
spermicides: chemical that kills sperm and inserted into vagina before genital contact
70% effective
events of female hormonal cycle
ovulation:
few primary oocytes are activated and release egg, in between follicular and luteal phase, occurs between proliferative and secretory phase
ovarian cycle: maturation of egg, includes the follicular and luteal phase (28 days)
Hormonal regulation
Negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release
positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
LH surges triggers ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
menstrual cycle
proliferative phase (pre-ovulatory phase): 6-15 of menstrual cycle
rising estrogen levels and generation of new stratum functionals for uterine
as layer thickens glands enlarge
estrogen increases photosynthesis
turns out normally thick sticky mucus passage to facilitate sperm passage
secretory phase
most consistent in duration
endometrium prepares for embryo to emplant
if fertilization doesn’t occur endone trial cells die, and uterine cycle begins again
days 1-5: menstrual phase:
gonadotropin levels are beginning to rise
stratum functional detaches from uterine wall and is shed
ovarian follicles begin to produce more estrogen
blood flow and tissue lasts 3-5 days