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Tectonics: EQ2 natural disasters, The Pressure and Release (PAR) model…

- - - - \/ dynamic pressures
        ie lack of education,training and investment and rapid pop change and urbanisation
        
        \/ root causes
        ie low access to resources, limited influence in desicion making and poor governence and weak economic system
      - disaster
        equation
        
        /\ natural hazards
        ie earthquake, volcanic eruption and tsunami
- - - - environmental impacts
        -damage or destruction of ecosystems
        
        comparison between countries
        -it is difficult to compare impacts between countires because:
        -the physical nature of the events are different
        -the socio-economic characteristic of the affected places are diffrent
        -the economic costs in developed economies can be very large, but they are less costly in developing countries
        -deaths in developed countries are usually low, but they can be high in other countries
        -the impacts of volcanic eruptions tend to be smaller than the impacts of earthquakes and tsunami
- - - - volcano magnitude
        -volcano magnitude is measured by the volcanic explosivity index (VEI)
        -VEI is based on the volume, dueation and column of height of eruptions
        -the explosivity is related to the type of magma and the type of plate boundary that the volcano is located on
        
        VEI examples
        -effusive eruptions of basaltic lavas with low VEI (0 to 3) normally happen on constructive boundaries
        -explosive eruptions with high VEI (4 to 7) happen on destructive boundaries
  - - - **high risk events
        -events which present the highest risk have:
        
        high magnitude
        
        low frequencies
        
        rapid speeds of onset
        
        low spacial predictability
        
        large areal extents
        -these high risk events happen mstly at subduction and collision zones
- - - - inequality of access
        -inequality of access to education, housing, healthcare and income are root causes of hazards because they influence vulnerability and resilience
        -this inequality is seen in the PAR model
        -the HDI (human development index) measures this inequality
  - - - preparedness
        -govs can reduce vulnerability by being prepared. they can do this through:
        
        land use planning and zoning to prevent house construction in dangerous areas
        
        environmental magnagment to prevent factors such as deforestation making the area more naturally dangerous
        
        having effective monotoring suystems
        
        preparedness by providing education and community awareness programmes
        
        having insureance
  - - - education/ community
        -preparedness by providing education and community awareness programes
        
        having insureance
        
        effective monotoring systems
        
        environmetal managment
        -environmental management to prevent factors such as deforestation making the area more naturally resillient
  - - - urbanisation
        -in urban areas, death tolls can be high because of the concentration of people at risk
        -but urban areas usually have more assets (hospitals, food stores and transport systems) than rural areas, which increases resilience