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Approaches - Coggle Diagram
Approaches
Cognitive
Barlett
war of ghosts: read people the same story from different cultures found that people: emphasised elements to ft with their schemas, ignore/forget elements that don't, change wording and story in order for it to make sense to them
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McPartland
cog neuroscience- used ERPs to find that people with autism have a delayed and weaker response to recognising faces than non-autistic
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Psychodynamic
Freud
main 3 assumptions 1)unconscious process 2)personality has 3 parts: the id, the ego, the superego 3)early childhood experiences determine adult personality
defense mechanisms: denial, repression, displacment
phallic stages: Oral (0-1), anal (1-3), phallic (3-5), latency (5-puberty), gential (puberty onwards)
Little Hans
phobia of horses after watching one collapse in the street. Freud suggested that this was a form of displacement in which he repressed his fear of his father castrating him onto horses. Thus, horses were symbolic of Hans unconscious fear
Humanistic
Rogers
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conditions of worth- if there is a lack of unconditional positive regard from parents or a significant person places limits on their love it causes low self esteem
Maslow
Hierarchy of needs- bottom: physiological, safety, love/belonging, self-esteem, self-actualisation: top
Behaviourist
Pavlov
3 stages in experiment with a dog for classical conditioning. 1) food (unconditioned stimulus) - salvations (unconditioned response) 2) food (US) + bell (neutral stimulus) - salvation (UR) 3) bell (conditioned stimulus) - salvation (conditioned response)
Skinner
experiment with rat for operant conditioning. 1) hungry rat placed in a box. 2) when the rat presses a leaverit get food. 3) the rat learned that pressing the lever delivered food (reinforcer) 4) behavior is positively reinforced.
Social Learning Theory
Bandura
72 children, average age of 4, taken to room individually and watched adult interacting with bobo doll. 3 conditions 1) aggressive 2) non aggressive 3) no model. Children then made to feel aggressive by being made to stop playing with toys and then taken to room with bobo doll. Children who had aggressive model imitated behaviour when the model was rewarded. Non-agressive models- children were less aggressive