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ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN ACHIEVEMENT - EXTERNAL FACTORS - Coggle Diagram
ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN ACHIEVEMENT - EXTERNAL FACTORS
General Differences
Whites + Asians on average do better than blacks
Significant variations amongst Asians - Indians do better than Pakistans + Bangladeshis
All groups minus Gypsy/Traveller children - girls do better than boys
M/C do better than W/C children
Cultural Deprivation
Cultural deprivation sees underachievement of some ethic groups as the result of inadequate socialisation in the home
3 Main aspects:
Intellectual + linguistic skills
Attitudes + values
Family structure + parental support
Intellectual + Linguistic Skills
Cultural deprivation theorists argue that lack of intellectual + linguistic skills is a major cause of underachievement for many minority children
Many of these children come from low-income black families
They are poorly equipped for school because they have not been able to develop reasoning + problem-solving skills
Engelmann
Consider the language spoken by low-income black American families as inadequate for educational success
They see it as ungrammatical, disjointed + incapable of expressing abstract ideas
Gilborn + Mirza
Noted that Indian pupils do very well despite often not having English as their home language
Attitudes + Values
Cultural deprivation theorists see lack of motivation as a major cause of the failure of many black children
Most children are socialised into the mainstream culture, which instils ambition, competitiveness + willingness to make the sacrafices necessary to achieve long-term goals
They also argue that some black children are socialised into a subculture that instils a fatalistic, 'live for today' attitude that does not value education + leave them unequipped for success
Family Structure + Parental Support
Cultural deprivation theorists argue that this failure to socialise children adequately is the result of a dysfunctional family structure
Moynihan- inadequately socialised children from unstable families go on to fail at school
Argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care because she has to struggle financially in the absence of a male breadwinner
Fathers absence also means that boys lack an adequate role model of male male achievement
Moynihan - cultural deprivation is a cycle where inadequately socialised children from unstable families go on to fail at school + become inadequate parents themselves
Murray - lone parent + lack of male role model = underachievement
New right view which argues that a high rate of lone parenthood + a lack of positive male role models lead to the underachievement levels of some ethnic minorities
Sewell- Fathers, gangs + culture
Sewell argues that it is not the absence of fathers as role models that leads to black boys underachieving
Instead, Sewell argues that the problem is a lack of fatherly nurturing or 'tough love' (firm, fair, respectful, non-abusive discipline)
This results in black boys finding it hard to overcome the emotional + behavioural difficulties of adolescence