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Microbiology, :!: strong acids and heat altered the air so it cannot…

- - - - Vital force required (Air); Life emerges from non-living matter
        
        Francesco Redi
        
        Demonstrated spontaneous generation by using meat and jar.
    - - Life begets life; supports generation
        
        John Needham
        
        Uses heat to boil broth that resulted for broth to have microbial growth due to cool down error
        
        Georg Friedrich Schröder
        & Theodor von Dusch
        
        filtered air through
        sterile cotton wool
        
        Louis Pasteur
        
        Father of modern microbiology + Swan-neck flasks experiment. Result: spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air
        rather than the air itself.
        
        Lazzaro Spallanzani
        
        Modified John Needham experiment by using control and uncontrolled group; NOTE: SG supporters claimed that air is needed for the vital force to work
        
        John Tyndall
        
        Tyndllization; dust carries microorganisms; heat resistant form of bacteria
        
        Altering air
        
        Theodor Schwann
        
        Passed air through red hot tubes
        
        Franz Schultze
        
        Passed air through strong acids
  - - - Heinrich Anton de Bary
        
        “Founding father of Plant Pathology”; smut and rust fungi caused cereal crop diseases
      - Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
        
        Aseptic technique (washing with calcium hypochlorite)
      - Miles Joseph Berkeley
        
        Great Potato Blight was caused by a fungus (Phytophthora
        infestans)
      - Joseph Lister
        
        Microorganisms were the casual agents of disease; Father of Antiseptic surgery - used phenol, carbolic acid, and heat for sterilization
      - Agostino Bassi
        
        disease of
        silkworms was caused by a fungus
      - Louis Pasteur
        
        pebrine disease of silkworms was caused by protozoan
      - Girolamo Fracastoro
        
        Caused by invisible living creature
      - Robert Koch
        
        Koch's Postulate
        
        Separation of microbes that causes specific diseases
        
        Led to the development of
        
        Solid culture media, Aseptic technique, Pure culture maintenance, and Petri plate by Richard Petri
        
        Limitations
        
        agents of several human disease do not cause disease on animals
        
        Some microbes are obligate intracellular parasites (internal parasite) that are challenging to grow on artificial media
        
        Some diseases have variable signs and symptoms only on patients
        
        Some diseases are caused by a variety of microbes
        
        Some pathogens, causes several different diseases
        
        Certain pathogens cause diseases in humans only
  - - - Uses variolation (the practice of infecting people with low doses of smallpox) ; used vaccination (pus from cowpox) to inoculate' variola (causative agents of smallpox) is closely related to cowpox
    - - Developed vaccines
        
        Chicken cholera
        
        Anthrax
        
        Rabies (Attenuation - reduction of something)
      - Method of Attenuation
        
        Incubation of cultures for long intervals between transfers caused pathogens to lose their ability to cause disease
        
        Growing pathogen in an unnatural host weakens it
  - - - porcelain bacterial filter
    - - founders of virology; "contagium vivum fluidum" (contagious living fluid); tobacco mosaic disease - caused by an infectious agent (virus)
  - - - SALVARSAN (organic arsenical to treat syphilis)
    - - "miracle drug" penicillin from Penicillium
  - - - result of microbial activity
      - role of yeasts in fermentation
    - - cell-free extract or "juice"
  - - - heat-resistant bacterial endospores
    - - discovered
        lithotrophy and chemoautotrophy
    - - discovered nitrogen
        fixation
  - - - Father of western medicine and believes that diseases spawn from environment and humans
    - - Father of scientific history and proposed the cause and effect in diseases
    - - propose the concept that things we cannot see (what we now call microorganisms) can cause disease - sewage warning
  - - - invented the first compound microscope (3-10x)
    - - suggested to be the first to observe
        microorganisms using milk and vinegar
    - - Doctrine of spontaneous; Father of microbiology; "wee animalcules"- little animals
    - - simple compound microscope (30x); cells in cork; elongated stalks in fungi
- - - - TREATMENT: Piptoporus betulinus fungus that have laxative and antibiotic properties
- - - - Basic biological science (Basic microbiology)
        
        Interest in specific groups of microorganisms and their biology
        
        Virology virus
        
        Mycology: fungi
        
        Phycology: algae
        
        Protozoology: protozoa
        
        Bacteriology: bacteria
    - - Applied biological science (Applied microbiology)
        
        Applying our understanding of microbial life processes for the benefit of humankind and planet Earth.
        
        Medical microbiology
        
        Immunology
        
        Public Health Microbiology
        
        Food & Dairy Microbiology
        
        Industrial Microbiology
        
        Agricultural Microbiology
        
        Microbial Ecology