Natalie Valdivia
Period 3
Reproductive System

Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)

Disorders associated with the reproductive system (including STI’s)

Anatomy of male reproductive structures

Methods and Classification of contraceptives

Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)

Events of the female hormonal cycles

Anatomy of female reproductive structures

Combined Hormone Contraceptives

Injectable Contraception

Chemical Barriers

Contraceptive Implants

Mechanical Barriers

Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

Rhythm Method

Sterilization

Coitus Interruptus

withdrawal of penis from vagina before
ejaculation

Not very effective

abstinence from sexual intercourse around
time of ovulation

not very effective

prevent sperm from entering vagina
during sexual intercourse

female and male condoms, diaphragm, and cervical cap can be used

contain spermicides

more effective
when used with a condom

contain estrogen and
progestins to prevent pregnancy

disrupt normal hormonal
patterns of female cycle

prevent follicle maturation and
ovulation

kills sperm

barrier between sperm and egg

injection of a progesterone derivative
prevents follicle maturation and ovulation

works for three months

can prevent follicle
maturation and ovulation for 3 years

implantation of a rod containing
progestin under the skin in the arm

slowly releases the hormones

objects implanted in the uterus are either toxic to sperm and egg cells or prevent implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of endometrium

surgical methods of permanently preventing
pregnancy

vasectomy in male (removal of a small portion of
the vas deferens, preventing sperm from entering semen)

tubal
ligation in female(cutting of the uterine tubes, preventing sperm from reaching egg)

it is permanent

Female sex cells: oocytes

Structures surrounding openings of urethra and vagina make up the vulva

The ovaries produces oocytes and female sex hormones

The Vagina conveys uterine secretions, receives the penis during sexual intercourse, and serves as birthing canal

Uterine tube conveys secondary oocyte toward uterus; site of fertilization; conveys developing embryo to uterus

The uterus protects and sustains the embryo during pregnancy

Functions of the Male Reproductive System

Functions of the Female Reproductive System

Provide environment for a developing fetus

Responsible for delivering, feeding and nurturing offsprings

Transport cells to the site of fertilization

Produce and maintain sex cells like egg cells and oocytes

produce female sex hormones

Produce gametes (sex cells and hormones)

Male system delivers sperm to female

Testes

ovoid structures suspended by spermatic cord outside
trunk in a sac, the scrotum

Each testis consists of 250 lobules

Each lobule holds 1 to 4 coiled seminiferous tubules

Prostate Gland

surrounds the urethra at the base of the
urinary bladder

Secretes a thin, milky fluid that contains citrate, a nutrient for sperm, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), an enzyme which helps to liquefy semen

Penis

Contains specialized erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum), which stiffens for sexual intercourse

conveys both urine and semen to the
outside

Scrotum

Sperm production needs temperature 5°F cooler than core

A pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue that houses the testes

Sperm

Contains a head

The midpiece (body) containing mitochondria

A flagellum (tail) that Provides lashing movements to propel the sperm through fluids, toward egg

Hormones of the Male Reproductive System

Hormones of the Female Reproductive System

Estrogens

Responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development, sex organ enlargement, increased adipose tissue deposition, and increased vascularization of the skin

progesterone (nonpregnant
female)

triggers uterine changes during the menstrual
cycle

Androgens:

produce some changes at puberty, such as growth of pubic and axillary hair; low androgen concentration allows the broadening of the hips

At about 10 years of age, hypothalamus begins to secrete more GnRH, which in turn stimulates the anterior pituitary
to produce LH and FSH

testosterone

Responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics (deep voice, body hair, thickening of the skin, and increased muscular
and skeletal growth)

Luteinizing hormone (LH):

promotes development of interstitial cells of the testes, which then secrete male hormones (testosterone)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):

stimulates sertoli cells of
seminiferous tubules to respond to testosterone

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH):

Triggers the production of gonadotropins from anterior pituitary
gland

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

which may lead to infection and
sterility in females; uterine tube scarring may cause infertility

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

caused by HIV, can be
transmitted by sexual intercourse; HIV is found in semen; this results in destruction of the body’s immune defenses, in which infections and cancers can be fatal

Chlamydia infection

Caused by chlamydia trachomatis
bacteria

Genital herpes

Genital warts

Gonorrhea

Syphilis

Caused by Herpes simplex 2 virus
(HSV2)

Caused by Human papilloma virus
(HPV

Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria

Caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria

menstrual cycle

monthly changes in uterine lining that lead to
menstrual flow (menses) as the endometrium is shed

Menarche

first female reproductive cycle; occurs when reproductive organs have matured and begin responding to
female hormones

Estrogens

promote development of female secondary sexual characteristics as a female matures; this continues with
menstrual cycles

increase during first week, to
thicken the endometrium of the uterus;

Follicle matures fully, and by about day 14 of the cycle, is ready for ovulation

Ovulation

triggered by a mid-cycle surge in LH; secondary oocyte
& follicular fluid are released from the ovary

Beginning of the menstrual bleeding is considered the first day of the next menstrual cycle