Natalie Valdivia
Period 3
Reproductive System
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)
Disorders associated with the reproductive system (including STI’s)
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Combined Hormone Contraceptives
Injectable Contraception
Chemical Barriers
Contraceptive Implants
Mechanical Barriers
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
Rhythm Method
Sterilization
Coitus Interruptus
withdrawal of penis from vagina before
ejaculation
Not very effective
abstinence from sexual intercourse around
time of ovulation
not very effective
prevent sperm from entering vagina
during sexual intercourse
female and male condoms, diaphragm, and cervical cap can be used
contain spermicides
more effective
when used with a condom
contain estrogen and
progestins to prevent pregnancy
disrupt normal hormonal
patterns of female cycle
prevent follicle maturation and
ovulation
kills sperm
barrier between sperm and egg
injection of a progesterone derivative
prevents follicle maturation and ovulation
works for three months
can prevent follicle
maturation and ovulation for 3 years
implantation of a rod containing
progestin under the skin in the arm
slowly releases the hormones
objects implanted in the uterus are either toxic to sperm and egg cells or prevent implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of endometrium
surgical methods of permanently preventing
pregnancy
vasectomy in male (removal of a small portion of
the vas deferens, preventing sperm from entering semen)
tubal
ligation in female(cutting of the uterine tubes, preventing sperm from reaching egg)
it is permanent
Female sex cells: oocytes
Structures surrounding openings of urethra and vagina make up the vulva
The ovaries produces oocytes and female sex hormones
The Vagina conveys uterine secretions, receives the penis during sexual intercourse, and serves as birthing canal
Uterine tube conveys secondary oocyte toward uterus; site of fertilization; conveys developing embryo to uterus
The uterus protects and sustains the embryo during pregnancy
Functions of the Male Reproductive System
Functions of the Female Reproductive System
Provide environment for a developing fetus
Responsible for delivering, feeding and nurturing offsprings
Transport cells to the site of fertilization
Produce and maintain sex cells like egg cells and oocytes
produce female sex hormones
Produce gametes (sex cells and hormones)
Male system delivers sperm to female
Testes
ovoid structures suspended by spermatic cord outside
trunk in a sac, the scrotum
Each testis consists of 250 lobules
Each lobule holds 1 to 4 coiled seminiferous tubules
Prostate Gland
surrounds the urethra at the base of the
urinary bladder
Secretes a thin, milky fluid that contains citrate, a nutrient for sperm, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), an enzyme which helps to liquefy semen
Penis
Contains specialized erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum), which stiffens for sexual intercourse
conveys both urine and semen to the
outside
Scrotum
Sperm production needs temperature 5°F cooler than core
A pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue that houses the testes
Sperm
Contains a head
The midpiece (body) containing mitochondria
A flagellum (tail) that Provides lashing movements to propel the sperm through fluids, toward egg
Hormones of the Male Reproductive System
Hormones of the Female Reproductive System
Estrogens
Responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development, sex organ enlargement, increased adipose tissue deposition, and increased vascularization of the skin
progesterone (nonpregnant
female)
triggers uterine changes during the menstrual
cycle
Androgens:
produce some changes at puberty, such as growth of pubic and axillary hair; low androgen concentration allows the broadening of the hips
At about 10 years of age, hypothalamus begins to secrete more GnRH, which in turn stimulates the anterior pituitary
to produce LH and FSH
testosterone
Responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics (deep voice, body hair, thickening of the skin, and increased muscular
and skeletal growth)
Luteinizing hormone (LH):
promotes development of interstitial cells of the testes, which then secrete male hormones (testosterone)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):
stimulates sertoli cells of
seminiferous tubules to respond to testosterone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH):
Triggers the production of gonadotropins from anterior pituitary
gland
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
which may lead to infection and
sterility in females; uterine tube scarring may cause infertility
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
caused by HIV, can be
transmitted by sexual intercourse; HIV is found in semen; this results in destruction of the body’s immune defenses, in which infections and cancers can be fatal
Chlamydia infection
Caused by chlamydia trachomatis
bacteria
Genital herpes
Genital warts
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Caused by Herpes simplex 2 virus
(HSV2)
Caused by Human papilloma virus
(HPV
Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria
Caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria
menstrual cycle
monthly changes in uterine lining that lead to
menstrual flow (menses) as the endometrium is shed
Menarche
first female reproductive cycle; occurs when reproductive organs have matured and begin responding to
female hormones
Estrogens
promote development of female secondary sexual characteristics as a female matures; this continues with
menstrual cycles
increase during first week, to
thicken the endometrium of the uterus;
Follicle matures fully, and by about day 14 of the cycle, is ready for ovulation
Ovulation
triggered by a mid-cycle surge in LH; secondary oocyte
& follicular fluid are released from the ovary
Beginning of the menstrual bleeding is considered the first day of the next menstrual cycle