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White Blood Cells - Coggle Diagram
White Blood Cells
Neutrophilia
- dogs and cats produce a greater magnitude of neutrophilia compared to large animals
- usually, the degree of neutrophilia correlates with the intensity of the inflammatory stimulus and the degree of left shit with acuteness
Epinephrine response (physiologic)
- mild increase in neuts
- no left shift
- mild increase in lymphocytes
- mechanism: marginating neuts drop off endothelium and join circulating pool. This is short lived and things go back to normal shortly after.
Stress Leukogram
- mild-moderate increase in neuts
- low lymphocytes
- sometimes increase in monocytes and/or eosinophils
- mechanism: bone marrow releases a storage pool of neuts that go right into circulating pool and not the marginating pool. Lymphocytes stay inside lymph nodes.
Acute Inflammation
- increase in neuts WITH A LEFT SHIFT
- low lymphocytes common
- mechanism: segmented (mature) neuts used up and band neuts are released from bone marrow in moment of desperation
Chronic Inflammation
- increase in neuts, monocytes and lymphocytes
- usually no left shift (or if there is one, it's not marked)
- mechanism: bone marrow has time to respond by releasing more mature (segmented) neuts from bone marrow
Tissue Necrosis, Neoplasia
- increase in neuts
- often a left shift
- mechanism: cytokines mediate the increased production of neuts
Toxic Changes in Neuts
- when you see toxic changes in neuts, it's a good indication that the bone marrow is trying to boost production of new cells to fight the insult
- often seen with acute inflammation
Dohle Bodies
- blue dots in the cytoplasm, which are aggregates of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasmic Basophilia
- this occurs due to increased cytoplasmic RNA
Cytoplasmic Vacuolation
- autophagocytosis
Neutropenia
The tissue demand is so high that it exceeds bone marrow storage
- occurs with acute suppurative inflammation
- cows prone to this
- toxic changes and left shift are common
Decreased neutrophil production
- insult to bone marrow
- estrogen toxicity, radiation, cytotoxic drugs, viral infection, ehrlichia, leukemia
- most insults on bone marrow will start with neutropenia and then you'll see anemia & thrombocytopenia
Left Shift
Regenerative left shift
- when segmented neuts are higher than band neuts
Degenerative left shift
- when band neuts are higher than segmented neuts
- this is concerning as the body is really struggling to keep up
Monocytosis -> macrophage in tissues
- chronic inflammation
- fungal infections
- IMHA
- Bacterial infections
- corticosteroid excess
- recovery from bone marrow suppression (monocytes have a short maturation time, so we see their numbers increase first after regeneration occurs in bone marrow)
Eosinophilia
- allergic reactions
- parasitic infections
- hypereosinophilic syndrome (neoplasia)
Basophilia
- parasitic infections (particularly heartworm, habronemiasis and strongyle spp. in horses)
- eosinophilic inflammation
- mast cell tumours in dogs and cats
-
Lymphocytosis
- epineprhine mediated
- recent vaccine (swollen lymph nodes)
- chronic infections (ehrlichiosis)
- Bovine Leukemia virus in cows
- Lymphocytic leukemia
Lymphopenia
- stress leukogram (corticosertoid induced)
- acute infections (particularly viral)
- loss of lymphocyte rich fluid (chylothorax)
- immunodeficiency
Leukemia vs Lymphoma
- leukemia will see pancytopenia and BLAST CELLS in circulation
- lymphoma you will see peripheral lymphadenopathy