Jesus Carranza Period 2 Reproductive System
Major functions of the Reproductive system
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Hormones of the reproductive system
Disorders associated with the reproductive system
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
- Form specialized cells for sexual reproduction call gametes, Sperm – gametes in males, Ova(eggs) – gametes in females
- Bring gametes from male and female together through sexual intercourse (copulation)
- Combine genetic information contained within gametes through fertilization, Zygote is formed when sperm and egg fuse, Zygote is first cell of new individual and all body cells arise from it
- Support development of fetus (gestation) and birth of baby (parturition)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): Released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells via
hypophyseal portal system
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)/Luteinizing hormone (LH): gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
Testes: sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum
Scrotum: : Sac of skin and superficial fasci, contains testes
Contain seminiferous tubes, sperm site production
Spermatic cord: encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply testes
Duct System
epididymis: highly coiled, where sperm mature
Ductus deferens (vas deferens): Passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity, Joins duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
Urethra: contains both semen and urine (different times)
Penis: male copulatory organ
External genitalia: scrotum and penis
Seminal glands (seminal vesicles):Produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid, Duct of seminal gland joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
Prostate: Encircles urethra inferior to bladder, Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid
Bulbo-urethral glands (Cowper’s gland): Produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
Testosterone: synthesized from chlorestal: Prompts spermatogenesis and targets all accessory organs
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Internal genitalia: located in pelvic cavity
Ovaries: female gonads: Produce female gametes (ova), Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen (estradiol, estrone, estriol), and progesterone
External genitalia: external sex organs
human papillomarvius (HPV)
vaccination can guard against cancer causing strains
caused by genital warts
80% cases of cervical cancer related to HPV
syphilis
secondary symptoms: pink skin rash, joint pain
bacterial infection transmitted sexually or cogenitally
symptoms: chancre
treatment: penicilin
invades musosa or broken skin
caused by treponema pailidum
gonorrhea
symptoms (female): abdominal discomfort, abnormal vaginal discharge/ uterine bleeding most infectious
bacterial infection of mucosa of reproductive/ urinary tracts caused by gonorrhoeae
symptoms (male): urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus from penis (drip) treatment antibiotics
Trichomoniasis
more common in worgen than men
vellow-green vaginal discharge with strong odor
chlamydia
most common STI
caused my chlamydia trachomatis symptoms. urethritis, abdominal/rectal/testicular pain, painful intercourse
treatment: antibiotics
Genital Herpes
caused by herpes simplex virus
most difficult pathogen to control because it is asymptomatic
treatment: antiviral drugs can reduce duration or intensity of flare ups
suspensory ligament: anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
ovaries: paired structures flank the uterus almond shaped
ovarian ligament: anchors ovary medially
ovarian follicles: tiny sac-like structures
Ovaries
Duct System
Vagina, Uterine tubes, Uterus
Mons Pubis, Labia Majora, Labia Minora, Clitoris, Vestibule Bulbs, Vulva Vestibule
Events of the female hormonal cycles
events of uterine (menstrual cycle)
- days 1-5 menstrual phase
- days 6-14 proliferative (preovulatory) phase
- days 15-28 secretory phase (post ovulatory)
events of ovarian cycle
follicular phase: period of vesicular follicle growth
ovulation: period between follicular and luteal phase
luteal phase: period of corpus luteum activity
Coitus Interruptus: withdrawal of penis from vagina before ejaculation; not very effective; some sperm may reach vagina before ejaculation
Rhythm Method: abstinence from sexual intercourse around time of ovulation; difficult to determine time of ovulation; not effective
Mechanical Barriers: prevent sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse; examples: male or female condoms, diaphragm, cervical cap
Chemical Barriers: contain spermicides; are more effective when used with a condom; examples: creams, foams, jellies
Combined Hormone Contraceptives: contain estrogen and progestins to prevent pregnancy; disrupt normal hormonal patterns of female cycle, and prevent follicle maturation and ovulation; examples: chemical ring, patch, oral contraceptives
Injectable Contraception: injection of a progesterone derivative prevents follicle maturation and ovulation; works for 3 months
Contraceptive Implants: implantation of a rod containing progestin under the skin in the arm; can prevent follicle maturation and ovulation for 3 years
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): objects implanted in the uterus are either toxic to sperm and egg cells or prevent implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of endometrium, thicken cervical mucus
Sterilization: surgical methods of permanently preventing pregnancy; vasectomy in male (removal of a small portion of the vas deferens, preventing sperm from entering semen), tubal ligation in female (cutting of the uterine tubes, preventing sperm from reaching egg)