Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Reproductive cycle Jocelyn Gomez period 1 A & P - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive cycle
Jocelyn Gomez
period 1
A & P
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (MALE AND FEMALE)
male and female
also known as the genital system
definition
: a system of organs and process that take part in the reproduction/formation of new similar young living organisms
a collection of organs that produce both gametes and sex hormones in both males and females
both male and female reproductive system must be functioning properly for a couple to conceive naturally
problem with the structure /function of both male and female reproductive system may cause infertility
female only
reproductive system contributes to the birth of offspring
enables a female to give birth to a child
female reproductive system
oviducts or fallopian tubes
two tubes where the fertilization process takes place
these are accessory reproductive organs of the female reproductive system
oviduct stretches out from each ovary to the uterus
uterus (womb)
uterus is a hollow muscular organ of the female reproductive system.
can be classified as three parts; body, fundus and cervix
also known as the womb and baby maker
vagina (birth canal)
female copulatory organ
located between the cervix to the exterior of the body
receives the penis during sexual intercourse
elastic and muscular with a soft flexible lining
vulva
the vulva is the external portion of the female genital organs
vulva consist of the following structures.
Monis pubis
mound of fatty tissue overlying the pubic bone. It is covered with pubic hair after puberty
labia majora
outer folds of skin containing fat, sebaceous glands, hairy and homologous to the scroutum of males
labia minora
inner folds of the skin containing sebaceous glands and are non-hairy
clitoris
present at the junction of labia majora and labia minora, corresponds to the glans penis in males and is it the Centre for sexual excitement
vestibule
cleft between the labia minora that comprises the urethral orifice, vaginal orifice and vestibular glands that produce lubricants during sexual intercourse
hymen
thin membrane that is partially covers the vaginal opening or vaginal orifice
Bartholin glands
pea-sixed glands present near the vaginal opening, release fluid that functions as lubricant to decrease friction during intercourse and provides moisturization for the vulva
female accessory glans
Bartholin glans
mammary glands
cervix
also called the neck or entrance to the womb
lower, narrow part of the uterus
cervix allows the menstrual blood out and semen into the uterus
forms a canal that open to the vagina
located between the bladder and rectum
growths in the cervix called polyps can sometimes affect the fertilization of the embryo growth process
ovaries
paired and almond shaped ovaries, on either side of the urethra
produce ovum
primary reproductive organs present in the female reproductive system
help development of the female gametes and help in fertilization
male only
enables a male to impregnate a female
male reproductive system includes
testes = produce sperm
oval in shape
located outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called the scrotum
primary male reproductive organs
responsible for testosterone and sperm production
epididymis
single convoluted tubule
located along the posterior surface of the testes
transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes
vas deferens
sperm duct also known as vas deferens
continuation of cauda epididymis
ejaculatory ducts
formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles
empty into the urethra
urethra
passes both semen and urine and its commonly known as the urinogenital duct
originates from the neck of the urinary bladder and opens to the exterioir at the tip of the penis
penis
external genitalia in males
made of special erectile tissue that helps on the erection of the penis to facilitate insemination
male accessory glans
prostate gland
seminal vesicle
bulbourethral gland
male reproductive system is a reproductive system that is present in only males
definition
: male reproductive system is a group of organs that takes part in the process of reproduction and the producing of male gametes called sperm
ANATOMY OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE
internal
seminal vesicles
sac like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder.
ejaculatory ducts
empty into the urethra
formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles
vas deferens
sperm duct
continuation of cauda epididymis
long muscular tube that travels from the epididymis into the pelvic cavity to just behind the bladder
transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation
urethra
passes both semen and urine and its commonly known as the urinogenital duct
originated from the neck of the urinary bladder and opens to the exterior at the tip of the penis
prostate gland
walnut-sized structure thats located below the urinary bladder in front of the rectum
contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate
produces fluid or sperm
bulbourethral glands
also called cowpers glands
peas sized structures located on the sides of the urethra
below the prostate gland
produce clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra
fluid produced serve to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may be present due to residual drops of urine in the urethra
external
penis
male organ used in sexual intercourse
external genital in males
made of special erectile tissue that helps on the erection of the penis to facilitate insemination.
penis is made of three main parts
the root = penis that attaches to the wall of the abdomen
the body (shaft) = the body of the penis, shaped like a tube or cylinder
the glands = cone shaped end of the penis, head of the penis
scrotum
protects the test and provide climate control system
loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind the penis
holds the testicles as well as many nerves and blood vessels
testes
responsible for testosterone and sperm production
oval shape
produce sperm
primary male repriductive organ
located outside of the abdominal cavity within a pouch called the scrotum
male reproductive system is mostly located outside of the body
external organs include the penis, sctrotum and testicles
internal organs include the vas deferens, prostate and urethra
male reproductive system is responsible for sexual function and urination.
produce, maintain and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and semen (the protective fluid around sperm)
discharge sperm into the female repodutive tract
produce and secrete male sex hormones
ANATOMY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE
INTERNAL
vagina (birth canal)
female copulatory organ
located between the cervix to the exterior of the body
receives the penis during sexual intercourse
elastic and muscular with a soft flexible lining
cervix
cervix allows the menstrual blood out and semen into the uterus
forms a canal that open to the vagina
lower, narrow part of the uterus
located between the bladder and rectum
also called the neck or entrance to the womb
growths in the cervix called polyps can sometimes affect the fertilization of the embryo growth process
uterus (womb)
also known as the womb and baby maker
uterus is a hollow muscular organ of the female reproductive system.
can be classified as three parts; body, fundus and cervix
ovaries
paired and almond shaped ovaries, on either side of the uterus
produce ovum
primary reproductive organs present in the female reproductive system
oviducts (fallopian tubes )
two tubes where the fertilization process takes place
these are accessory reproductive organs of the female reproductive system
oviduct stretches out from each ovary to the uterus
EXTERNAL
vulva
the vulva is the external portion of the female genital organs
vulva consist of the following structures
monis pubis
mound of fatty tissue overlying the pubic bone. It is covered with pubic hair after puberty
labia majora
outer folds of skin containing fat, sebaceous glands, hairy and homologous to the scroutum of males
labia minora
inner folds of the skin containing sebaceous glands and are non-hairy
clitoris
present at the junction of labia majora and labia minora, corresponds to the glans penis in males and is it the Centre for sexual excitement
vestibule
cleft between the labia minora that comprises the urethral orifice, vaginal orifice and vestibular glands that produce lubricants during sexual intercourse
hymen
thin membrane that is partially covers the vaginal opening or vaginal orifice
bartholin glands
pea-sixed glands present near the vaginal opening, release fluid that functions as lubricant to decrease friction during intercourse and provides moisturization for the vulva
vaginal opening
allows menstrual blood and babies to exit the body
tampons, fingers, sex toys, penis can enter the vagina through the vaginal opening
consist of internal and external organs
created hormones and is responsible for fertility, menstruation and sexual intercourse
help development of the female gametes and help in fertilization
enables a female to give birth to a child
HORMONES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (MALE AND FEMALE)
FEMALE HORMONES
estrogen
estrogen is a sex steroid hormone and the main female reproductive hormone.
estrogen comes in three major forms
estrone E1 = main form made after menopause
estradiol E2 = main form made during the reproductive years
etrioil E3 = main form made during pregnancy
rising estrogen levels during puberty drive the growth of breasts, pubic and underarm hair, also the start of the menstrual cycle
estrogen helps maitain the thickness, elasticity and lubrication of the vaginal walls (makes sexual intercourse more comftroable)
made mainly by the oavaries
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
rising levels of GnRH trigger the start of puberty or sexual maturation
regulates the release of the gonadotropic hormones FSH and LH
produced and secreted by the hypothalamus
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
gonadotropic hormone which is essential for driving the changes that occur at puberty and controlling the function of ovaries
stimulates small fluid-filled sacs in the ovaries called follicles to grow each cycle
made in the anterior pituitary gland
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
gonadotropic hormone that also regulates the function of the ovaries
sure of LH in the middle of the menstrual cycle then causes ovulation
during the second half of the menstrual cycle, LH stimulates the remains of the torn follicle. the corpus luteum- to produce the hormone progesterone
made in the anterior pituitary gland
progesterone
sex hormone that performs many roles
profuced by the remains of the torn follicle from which the egg reupted at ovulation (corpus luteum)
progesterone stimulates the growth of blood vessels in the endometrium and glands to secrete nutrients to sustain an embryo
progesterone stimulates the growth of breast tissue in pregnant people.
mainly made in the ovaries by the corpus luteum (placenta takes over its production during pregnancy
prolactin
prolactin (lactoropin) is a hormone that stimulates the development of mammary glands withing breast tissue in pregnant people
prolactin also stimulates milk production, including the production of lactose, casein and lipids which make breastmilk
mainly made and released by the pituitary gland
Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG
hormone produced by the placenta
stops the menstrual cycle and thickens the lining of the uterus to support growing of embryo
stimulates the body to produce more estrogen and progesterone
hormone tht pregnancy tests measure to help conforms a pregnancy
produced by the ovaries by ovarian follicles
relaxin
protein hormone that is known for relaxing ligaments in the pelvis and softening / widening the cervix in preparation for childbirth
promotes the rupture of the membranes surrounding the baby
levels of the hormone rise after ovulation
primarily produced by the corpus luteum, also produced by the placenta and uterus
testosterone
produced by the ovaries in small amounts
MALE HORMONES
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
mainly made in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus before traveling to the pituitary gland
stimulates the synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropins, FSH and LH
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
released by the anterioir pituitary gland
presence in males is necessary for the maturation of spermatozoa
stimulates both the production of androgen-binding protein by Sertoli cells and the formation of blood-testis barrier.
increasing levels of FSH increases the production of spermatozoa by preventing the apoptosis of type A spermatogonia
luteinizing hormone (LH)
released by the anterior pituitary gland in the tests
LH binds to receptors on Leydig cells, which stimulates the synthesis and secretion of testosterone
testosterone
made in the interstitials cells of the testes
stimulates the sex drive and is associated with aggression
only testosterone is required to maintain spermatogenesis
main male sex hormone
produced in the testicles duce to the action of LH
also produced by the adrenal glands in both men and woman
essential to the development of male growth and masculine charecteristics
regulation of male sex hormones starts in the hypothalumus (part of the brain)
function is to trigger the release of GnRH hormone, responsible for stimulationg the puitary gland to produce FSH and LH
inhibin
secreted by the Sertoli cells and acts to decrease the levels of FSH
hormones is released into the circulation when sperm count is too high
prolactain
produced by the pituitary gland and is involved in male fertility to large extent
necessary for the well functioning of the male reproductive system
affects the Leydig cells and testosterone production
if high levels of prolactin, the testosterone levels will be affected
METHODS AND CALSSIFICATIONS OF CONTRACEPTIVES
barrier method
examples: male and female condoms, diaphragm, cervical cap and contraceptive sponge
internal condom
female condom
also known as vaginal condom
thin soft pouch that is worn inside the vagina
external condomn
male condom
sheath-shaped barrier used during sexual intercourse
worn on the external part of the penis
short-acting hormonal methods
example: birth control pills, vaginal ring, skin patch and contraceptive injection
these are considered short-aciting methods because you have to remember to use them on daily, weekly, or monthly basis
injectables
known as contraception's, antoinception and fertility control are methods/devices used to prevent pregnancy
Long-acting hormonal methods
examples: copper IUD, hormonal IUD, and contraceptive implant
considered long acting methods because they last 3 to 10 years after insertion, depending on the device (or until removed)
IUD
commonly T-shaped form of birth control that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy
sterilization
permanent method of birth control
vasectomy = male
tubal ligation = woman
surgical method of permanently preventing pregnancy
spermicide or vaginal gel
nonhormonal options of birth control
type of contraceptive that kills sperm or stops it from moving
fertility awareness methods
these methods focus on knowing which days of the month you are able to get pregnant (fertile), often based on basal body temp. and cervical mucus
to avoid pregnancy you di not have sex on or around the days a female is fertile
not affective method, can be inaccurate
less than 76-93% affective
withdrawal
withdrawl of the penis from vagina before ejaculating (pull out method)
not very effective, can result in pregnancy
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REPORDUCTIVE SYSTEM
STD
AIDS / HIV
human immunodeficiency virus infection and netrovirus which causes aids
symptoms; fever/chills, mouth ulcers, muscles aches, sore throat etc..
treatment; medication, self care, treatment
transmission; sexual intercourse / sharing of bodily fluids with infected person
HPV / genital warts
sexually transmitted disease caused by the virus human papilloma (HPV), resulting in lumps/swelling on the genital
transmission: passed from infected person through oral, vaginal, and anal sex
symptoms; warts/bumps, itching around the genital area, bleeding, burning sensation when urinating
treatment; medication, self care, consult with specialist
PID
an infection of the female reproductive organs including the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and cervix. Causes pelvic pain, unusual vaginal discharge etc..
transmission: woman develop when bacteria/infections moves upwards from vagina/cervix into reproductive organs
symptoms: pelvic pain, vaginal discharged, feverl/chills, pain during interourse
treatment: self care, medication, consult with specialist
trichomoniasis
sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite, this may cause foul smelling vaginal discharge in a woman and no symptoms in a man
symptoms: itching/irritation, unusual discharge, burning sensation during urinating
syphilis
highly contagious sexually transmitted bacterial infection characterized by sores on genitals, rectum or mouth
transmission: having oral, vaginal or anal sexual intercourse with infected person
symptoms: sores/blisters, skin rashes, fever
treatment: self care, medication, consult with specialist
genital herpes
sexually transmitted disease (std) caused by herpes, causing pain, itching and sores around genital area
transmission: having oral, anal or vaginal sexual intercourse with infected person
symptoms: itching, blister/sores, pain in genital area, burning sensation when urinating
chlamydia
common sexually transmitted disease that can easily be cured
symptom: abnormal vaginal discharge, burning sensation, rectal pain/bleeding
treatment: medication, self care, consult with specialist
transmission: having oral, vaginal or anal sex with infected person
diseases and disorders that affect the human reproductive system
include abnormal hormone production by the ovaries or the tests or by other endocrine glands
MALE REPRODOCUTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS
hypospadias
external urinary meatus opens anywhere below the tip of the penis rather than at the tip of this disease
hydrocele
fluid-filled sac that partially encircles the testis
swelling on the side of the scrotum is the most common symptom
surgical correction
varicocele
testis veins that are dilated and twisted
appears like a bulge on the side of the scrotum
results in lower sperm count and male infertility
cryptorchidism
condition in which one or both testes do not descent into the scrotum
can lead to sterility and and increased risk of testicular cancer
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
prostates gland, surrounds the base of the male bladder and urethra, swells producing urination difficulty
as males get older BPH becomes more common
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
PSA is a protein that can be discovered in prostate cell secretions
increasing PSA level could be a precursor to prostate cancer
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYTEM DISORDERS
Endometriosis
syndrome characterised by the colonisation of the abdominal/pelvic cavity with endometrial tissue islands
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Bacteria can travel up the vaginal canal, into the uterus, and into the abdominal cavity via the uterine tubes
Abdominal discomfort is caused by inflammation of the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity
PID can be caused by a variety of factors, one of which being gonorrheal infection.
Chronic uterine tube inflammation can obstruct them, leading to infertility
prolapsed uterus
uterine cervix can protrude from the vaginal opening in severe prolapse
to return the uterus to its proper anatomical position, surgery is usually required
Reproductive Tract Infections
Reproductive tract infections can affect both the upper and lower reproductive tracts in women
Endogenous infections, iatrogenic infections, and sexually transmitted infections are the three forms of reproductive tract infections
Each has its own set of symptoms and causes, which are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other organisms
examples of cancers of the reproductive system include:
prostate cancer
breast cancer
ovarian cancer
penile cancer
uterine cancer
testicukar cancer
cervical cancer
benign prostatic Hypertrophy
examples of reproductive systen functioning issues
Impotence is defined as a man's inability to develop or maintain an erection.
Hypogonadism is a lack of gonad function, either in terms of hormone production or gamete generation.
When a fertilised ovum is implanted in a tissue other than the uterine wall, it is called an ectopic pregnancy.
Female sexual arousal problem is a condition in which females have less, insufficient, or no lubrication during the sexual engagement.
Female sexual arousal problem is a condition in which females have less, insufficient, or no lubrication during the sexual engagement.
Dysmenorrhea is a medical disorder that causes pain during menstruation and makes daily tasks difficult.
rare reproductive system diseases
turneers diease
ashermans sydrime
EVENTS OF THE FEMALE HORMONAL CYCLE
A menstrual cycle begins when you get your period or menstruate.
This is when you shed the lining of your uterus
This cycle is part of your reproductive system and prepares your body for a possible pregnancy
typical cycle lasts between 24 and 38 days
Menstruation is also known by the terms menses
Menstruation is driven by hormone
FOUR PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
menses phase
This phase, which typically lasts from day one to day five
time when the linning of the uterus sheds through the vagina
most woman bleed from 3-5 days but can last as many as 7 days
follicular phase
typically takes place from days 6-14
During this time, the level of the hormone estrogen rises
lining of your uterus (the endometrium) to grow and thicken
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) causes follicles in your ovaries to grow
During days 10 to 14, one of the developing follicles will form a fully mature egg (ovum)
ovulation
this phase occurs at about day 14 ina 28-day menstrual cycle
increase in another hormone luteinizing hormone (LH)
causes your ovary to release its egg (ovulation)
luteal phase
lasts from about day 15 to day 28
egg leaves your ovary and begins to travel through your fallopian tubes to your uterus
progesterone rises to help prepare your uterine lining for pregnancy
If the egg becomes fertilized by sperm and attaches itself to your uterine wall (implantation)
If pregnancy doesn’t occur, estrogen and progesterone levels drop and the thick lining of your uterus sheds during your period
symptoms of getting your period
mood changes
trouble sleeping
headache
food craving
bloating
nausea
tender breast
cramps
acne
irregular period
anything that's not a normal menstrual period
examples of an irregular period
Periods that occur less than 21 days or more than 35 days apart.
Not having a period for three months (or 90 days)
Menstrual flow that’s much heavier or lighter than usual:
Period bleeding that lasts longer than seven days
Bleeding or spotting that happens between periods
menopause
natural process of aging
happens ages late 40s- early 50s
stages when the ovaries completely stop producing reproductive hormones, and there are no monthly period
symptoms
irregular menstrual periods
heavy bleeding might occur for a day or two
hot flashes
sweating during the night
mood swings
fatigue
weight loss
frequent urinary tract infections
anxious mood
trouble sleeping
time that marks the end of a womans menstrual cycles
diagnosed after 12 months without menstrual period