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social influence - Coggle Diagram

- - - - compliance-disagrees privately, conforms publicly
      - identification-publicly and privately conforms
        
        sense of group membership
      - internalisation-publicly and privately conforms
        
        accepted views
  - - - desire to be right
    - - desire to be liked
  - - - wanted to examine the formation of social norms
    - - ppt seated in a dark room 15ft in front was a pinpoint of a light
      - all of a sudden it appeared to move eratically and disapperead
      - ppt had to guess how far the light moved then experiment was repeated
      - ppt estimates tended to fall around an average
      - next day-ppt was put in same room with 2 other people
      - when light was presented the other 2 ppts gave a guess
      - the og ppt slightly changed their answer to something similar to the others
    - - ppts changed their reponses with other people around
      - a group norm emerged
        
        the norm was fake-the light never moved
      - demonstrates informational social influence
  - - - 6 confederates and 1 naïve ppt (sat 6th)
      - all confederants say wrong comparison to see if the ppt conforms
      - had to choose which comparison line the standard line was
    - - 36.8% of the time, the ppt gave the wrong answer
      - 25% didn't conform
      - 75% conformed at least once
    - - group size
      - unaminimity
        
        the extent to which members of a group agree
      - task difficulty
    - - lacks temporal and ecological validity
        
        Perrin and Spencer
        
        did study in UK 1/396 conformed
      - ethics-decieving ptts
        
        reduced demand characteristics
      - cultural and beta bias
        
        USA and ignored bio differences
  - - - mock prison in uni basement
      - only 'emotionally stable' uni men were chosen
      - randomly assigned guard or prisoner
      - prisoners arrested at home
        
        blindfolded,stripped,numbered and uniform
      - guards has shifts
        
        3 on duty
      - guards had uniform-keys,wooden club and mirror shades
    - - guards behaviour was a threat to prisoners psy and phy health
      - prisoners rebelled and guards retaliated by 2nd day
      - guards used 'divide and rule' tactic
        
        played prisoners against eachother
      - prisoners became anxious,depressed and subdued
      - 1 prisoner went on hunger strike-guards force fed him
      - some guards enjoyed the power and became more brutal
    - - power of situation changed the ppts behaviour
      - ppts behaved as if they were acc in a prison
    - - picked most stable people
      - randomly assigned roles
      - able to rule out ind personality
      - lack of realism
        
        Banuazizi and Mohavedi
        
        ppts were play acting rather than genuinely conforming
        
        Zimbardo-quantative data collected showed 90% of prisoners convos were about prison life
      - dispositional influences
        
        Fromm
        
        Z exaggerated the power of the situation and minimized the power of personality factors
        
        1/3 guards were brutal
        
        1/3 guards were keen to apply rules
        
        1/3 guards tried to help prisoners
        
        lots tried to do the right thing,despite the situational pressure to conform
      - Reicher and Haslam
        
        partial replication broadcasted on BBC
        
        very different findings
        
        prisoners took control and harrased the guards
        
        social identity theory
        
        prisoners identified as members of a social group
      - ethics
        
        Z dual role- as lead psychologist and prison warden
        
        lost perspective and put ppt at risk
        
        prisoners were clearly is distress and should've been allowed to leave
        
        humiliation of prisoners should have been kept under control
      - low pop validity
        
        only uni students
        
        only men
        
        cultural bias
  - - - refers to the feelings of control over success,events and failures
      - measured on a scale 1-23
        
        high INTERNAL loc (13-23)
        
        feel that their actions are their own choice and responsibility
        
        e.g. revising and hard work
        
        neither (12)
        
        high EXTERNAL loc (1-11)
        
        see their actions as resulting largely from factors outside their control
        
        e.g. luck,fate
    - - Oliner and Oliner
        
        interviewed non-jewish people who lived through the holocaust
        
        compared to 406 who protected and rescued jews with 126 who had not
        
        found that rescuers scored higher measures of responsibility (internal loc)
      - Anderson and Shneier
        
        suggests that internals are more likely to become leaders
        
        as ind who attribute responsibility for their actions to themselves tend to be assume they can cause certain changes to their environment
    - - William and Warchal
        
        30 uni students given conformity tasks
        
        those who conformed most were less assertive
        
        but did not score differently on loc
        
        implies assertion may be more important than loc
      - Twenge et al
        
        meta analysis
        
        young americans believe their lives are controlled by outside forces
        
        high external loc
        
        was a result of higher incidences of suicide,divorce and mental illnesses
        
        as americans are becoming less independent
        
        implications of findings are negative
  - - - resisting pressures to conform and to obey authority figures
      - anti conformity
        
        takes place when the person acts is opposition to the rules
      - truely independent behaviour
        
        a person is not influenced by the actions of others
    - - Asch-25% exhibited independent behaviour
      - milgram-65% originally shocked the learner
- - - - one of the most influential experiments of minority influences
      - wanted to see if a consistent minority could influence a majority to give an incorrect answer in a colour perception task
      - procedure
        
        172 female ppts placed in groups of 6
        
        shown 36 slides that were varying shades of blue
        
        ppts had to state out load the colour of each slide
        
        2/6 were confederates
        
        condition 1- confederants said all slides were green
        
        condition 2- confederates said that 24 were green and 12 were blue
      - findings
        
        condition 1- ppt agreed on 8.2% of the trials
        
        condition 2- ppts only agreed on 1.25% of the trails
        
        shows that consistent minority is 6.95% more effective than inconsistent
        
        consistency is an important factor in minority influence
        
        commitment and consistency is linked
      - evaluation
        
        bias sample of 172 female american ppts
        
        unable to generalise to other populations
        
        research may suggest that females are more likely to conform
        
        further research is imperative to determine the impact minority influence has on males
        
        deceives ppts
        
        were not fully informed that there were confederants
        
        did not gain fully informed consent
        
        required to achieve valid results
        
        high scientific/internal validity
        
        controlled variables
        
        lacks external validity
    - - wants to prove that minorities require a degree of flexibility to remain persuasive
      - rigid and dogmatic minorities are less effective
      - procedure
        
        investigated the idea of flexibility
        
        ppts in groups of 4 had to agree on amount of compensation they would give to a victim of a ski lift accident
        
        1 ppt in each group was a confederate
        
        condition 1-minority argued for low rate of compensation and refused to change position (inflexible)
        
        condition 2-minority argued for a low rate of compensation but would offer slightly higher (flexible)
      - results
        
        found that in the inflexible condition, minority has little or no effect on the majority
        
        highlights importance of flexibility, but questions the idea of consistency
        
        goes against Moscavici
  - - - 3 clear factors that determine the success of a minority to facilitate social change
        
        consistency
        
        sacrifices
        
        group membership
    - - suffragettes
        
        consistency-votes for women
        
        sacrifices-arrested,hunger strike
        
        group membership-ordinary women identifies with them and joined the protest
  - - - drawing attention
      - consistency
      - deeper proccessing
      - augmentation principle
      - snowball effect
      - social cryptomnesia
    - - support for normative influences
        
        Nolan et al
        
        hung messages on front doors of houses of San Diego every week for 1 month
        
        key message was that most residents were trying to reduce their energy use
        
        but some residents (control group) had a message saying to save energy
        
        found sig decrease in energy usage in group (residents are using less)
        
        shows conformity can lead to social change through the operation of normative social change
      - minority influence is only indirectly effective
        
        social changes happen slowly
        
        Nemeth
        
        effects of minority influence are likely to be mostly indirect and delayed
- - - - to see if volunteer ppt would obey orders to give electric shocks to some to someone they thought was another ppt
      - 'how far they go'
    - - advertised in the newspaper for 40 ppts
        
        expenses and fees were paid
      - informed that the study was about memory and learning and effects of punishment of learning
      - 1-slips of paper drawn from hat to see who would be a teacher- was a fixed lottery
      - 2-personals
        
        experimenter-lab coat for authority
        
        learner-knew about the study
        
        teacher-niave ppt
      - 3-teacher given 'sample shock' (45v)
      - 4-learner strapped into 'electric chair'
      - 5-teacher asked learner qs relating to word pairs
      - 6-every mistake the learner made, voltage must be increased
        
        if ppt asked about shocks, they would get told it causes no permeant tissue damage
      - 7-learner deliberatly gets qs wrong and teacher gives shcoks
      - if teacher hesitated, the experimenter used 1/4 prods
        
        e.g. 'please continue'
    - - agentic shift
        
        where we can deny personal responsibility for our actions
        
        as we have been ordered to behave in this way by someone else
        
        we 'shift' the responsibilty onto the person who instructed us
        
        e.g. teacher asking experimenter who will take responsibility could explain the 65% touch proxemity
        
        when ppt had to force learners hand onto the electric plates conformity decreased to 30% as they felt more responsible
      - legitimate authority
        
        for us to obey a person they must have some kind of power over us
        
        trust,power
        
        we have to percieve a person as having authority
        
        more people conformed when the setting was in a uni compared to a run-down office(48%)
        
        and when the experimenter was wearing a lab coat (65%)
      - gradual commitment
        
        gradually build up to the main request
        
        once you committed to the little things, it's harder to back out
        
        e.g. low volts and gradually gets higher
      - dehumanisation
    - - 65% gave maximum shock
    - - social setting was a powerful determinant of an ind behaviour
        
        variations
        
        run down office-48%
        
        uni-65%
        
        teacher and learner in smae room-40%
        
        teacher had to force learners hand on shock plate-30%
        
        experimenter gave instructions over the phone-20%
        
        ppts work in a group to shock learner-10%
        
        2 rebelled
        
        someone else gave the shocks-92.5%
        
        Bickman
        
        3 confederates in 3 outfits
        
        jacket and tie
        
        milkman's outfit
        
        security guard uniform
        
        stood in the streets and asked people to preform tasks e.g.picking up litter
        
        2x more likely to obey security uniform than jacket and tie
      - we are socialised to obey authority and react with obedience
      - ppts felt they were part of the situation
    - - authoritarian personality
        
        type of person who has extreme respect for authority and is very obedient to those with power over them
        
        Adorno et al
        
        developed questionnaire to measure levels of authoritarian personality (f scale)
        
        proposed that some ind are more likely to be obedient due to the way they were bought up
        
        their parents tended to give conditional love,strict discipline and insesnsitive to the childs needs
        
        such experiences create an insecure adult who respects authority and power
        
        Elms and Milgram
        
        researched if the obedient ppts in M study were more likely to display ap compared to disobedient ppts
        
        20 obedient ppts went to 450vz and 20 disobedient ppts who wouldn't continue
        
        each ppt competed several personality quizzes to measure their ap
        
        obedient ppts scored higher on the f scale
        
        disobedient ppts were less close to their fathers during ch
        
        obedient ppts displayed higher ap
        
        correlation does not show causation
      - socialisation
        
        some people have experiences that enable them to resist the pressure to obey unjust authority
        
        Brandt
        
        1 of M later ppt- had been in ww2 and she refused to go further and stated that 'we are here at our own free will'
      - social identity theory
        
        Haslam and Reicher
        
        people obey unjust authority as they identify with group
        
        argue that M ppts didn't mindlessly obey but found justification to do it anyway
    - - good external validity
        
        central feauture of the situation was the relationship btween authoritive figure and ppt
        
        Hofling et al
        
        studied nurses on a hospital ward and found that level of obedience to unjustified demands by doctors were high (21/22)
        
        suggests obedience to authority can be generalised to other situations
      - ethical issues
        
        Baumrind
        
        critical of the deception
        
        led ppt to believe the role allocation was random and the electric shocks
        
        saw deception as a betrayal of trust that could ruin the reputation of psychologists and their research
      - social identity theory
        
        key to obedience lies in group identification
        
        Ms ppts identified with the experimenter
        
        Halsam and Reicher
        
        first 3 prods don't demand obedience and the 4th does (when ppts quit)
        
        studied the behaviour of ppts
      - political bias
        
        f scale measures the tendency towards an extreme form of right wing ideology