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Giselle Rojas Period 3 Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Giselle Rojas Period 3 Reproductive System
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (MALE/FEMALE)
MALE
develops and maintains organs for production of offspring
Gonads: produce gametes (sex cells and hormones)
Male sex cells: sperm
Male system delivers sperm to female
FEMALE
Female sex cells: oocytes
Female system houses/nourishes developing embryo and fetus
deliver feed and nurture offspring
produce female sex hormones
Primary sex organs (gonads): are the ovaries, which produce the sex cells and hormones
Secondary (accessory) sex organs: consist of the external/internal reproductive organs
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Syphilis
STI that can cause serious health problems if not treated. Divided into primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary stages.
Genital Herpes
STD caused by the herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2)
Chlamydia
common STD that can be easily cured if left untreated, it can be difficult to get pregnant. It can cause permanent damage to women reproductive system
Gonorrhea
STD that can affect both men and women. It can cause infection in genitals, rectum, and throat. Common between 15-24 yr olds
Hepatitis
virus that can develop a very mild illness with few or no symptoms. Hepatitis B/C can progress to a chronic or lifelong infection that can cause problems in liver, cirrhosis, liver, cancer, and even death
Trichomoniasis
STD cause by an infection with a protozoan parasite called trichomonas vaganalis
AIDS/HIV
human immunodeficiency virus. It weakens a persons immune system by destroying important cells that fight disease and infection
HPV/ Genital Warts
most common STD. 79 million Americans, most in late teens and early 20s are infected by HPV. Some types can cause genital warts and cancers. There is a vaccine to prevent
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease of womens reproductive organs. Often caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea
Primary sex organs (gonads) of the male: testes which produce sperm and hormones
Accessory (secondary) sex cells of male: internal and external reproductive organs
MALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
Seminiferous Tubules (in testis)
produce sperm cells
Interstital Cells (in testis)
produce/secrete male sex hormones
Epididymus
promotes sperm cell maturation; stores sperm cells; conveys sperm cells to ductus deferons
Ductus Deferens
conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct
Seminal Vesicle
secretes an alkaline fluid containing nutrients/prostaglandins that help regulate pH of semen
Prostate Gland
secretes a fluid that contains citrate, a nutrient for sperm
Bulbourethral Gland
secretes fluid that lubricates the end of penis
Scrotum
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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
Ovary
produces oocytes and female sex hormones
Uterine Tube
conveys secondary oocyte toward uterus; site of fertilization; conveys developing embryo to uterus
Uterus
protects and sustains embryo during pregnancy
Vagina
conveys uterine secretions to outside of the body; receives erect penis during sexual intercourse; provides a passageway for offspring during birth process
Labia Majora
enclose and protect other external reproductive organs
Labia Minora
form margins of vestibule; protect openings of vagina and urethra
Clitoris
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METHODS/CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRACEPTIVES
Coitus Interrupts
withdrawal of penis from vagina before ejaculation; not very effective; some sperm may reach vagina before ejaculation
Rhythm Method
abstinence from sexual intercourse around time of ovulation; difficult to determine time of ovulation; not effective
Mechanical Barriers
prevent sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse; examples: male/female condoms, diaphram, cervical cap
Chemical Barriers
contain spermicides; are more effective when used with a condoms, Examples: creams, foams, jellies
Combined Hormone Contraceptives
contain estrogen and progestins to prevent pregnancy; disrupt normal hormonal patterns of female cycle, and prevent follicle maturation/ovulation; example: chemical ring, path, oral contraceptives
Injectable Contraception
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HORMONES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (male)
male reproductive function is controlled by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus anterior pituitary and testes
Hormones Controls:
development/maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics
sperms cell production
Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone: secreted by the hypothalamus and triggers the production of ganadotropins from anterior pituitary gland
Luteinizing Hormone (LH): promotes development of interstital cells of testes which then secrete male hormones (testesterone)
Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH): stimulates sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules to respond to testesterone
FSH and testosterone stimulate spermatogenesis
Androgens: male sex hormones; testosterone is the most important one
HORMONES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (female)
at about 10 years of age, hypothalamus begins to secrete GnRH, which in turn stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH
2 groups of female sex hormones are produced by ovary, adrenal cortex, and placenta (during pregnancy):
estrogen
progesterone
Estrogen
responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development, sex organ enlargement, increased adipose tissue deposition, and increase vasularization of the skin
Progesterone
causes endometrium to become more vascular, and uterine glands to secrete nutrients for a possible embryo
Androgen
can also play a role of producing some changes at puberty, such as growth of pubic and axillary hair; low androgen concentration allows the broadening of the hips
FEMALE HORMONAL CYCLES
FOLLICLE MATURATION
at puberty, FSH secretion from anterior pituitary increases, and causes ovaries to enlarge
during reproductive years, primordial follicles develop into primary follicles and develop into primary follicles
early follicle maturation involves enlargement of the follicle, proliferation of the follicular cells, and formation of a fluid-filled cavity (antrum)
then the cell grows to about 10mm, and the primary oocyte is now surrounded by a clear layer, the zona pelluda, and several layers of follicular cells, the corona radiata
Primary oocyte + surrounding layers = the egg
follicle development takes about 300 days
each month, up to 20 primary follicles start maturation, but only one dominant follicle completes maturation, while others degenerate; the dominant one is called the mature follicle
usually 1 mature follicle is ready for ovulation every 28 days
OVULATION
just before ovulation, primary oocyte in mature antral follicle finishes meiosis I, producing a secondary oocyte + first polar body
Ovulation: process of releasing the secondary oocyte and polar body from the mature antral follicle and surface of ovary
a burst of LH from the anterior pituitary triggers ovulation
if the oocyte is not fertilized within hours of its release, it will degenerate
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH
FSH stimulates maturation of a dominant follicle
follicular cells produce and secrete estrogens
estrogens maintain secondary sex characteristics
estrogens cause the endometrium to thicken
the anterior pituitary releases a surge of LH, which leads to ovulation
follicular cells become corpus luteum cells, which secrete estrogens and progesterone
estrogens continue to stimulate uterine wall development
progesterone stimulates the endometrium to become more glandular and vascular
estrogens and progesterone inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland
if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates and no longer secretes estrogen and progesterone
as the concentrations of estrogens and progesterone decline, blood vessels in the endometrium constrict
the uterine lining disintegrates and sloughs off, producing a menstrual flow
the anterior pituitary gland is no longer inhibited and again secretes FSH and LH
the menstrual cycle repeats
LUTEAL
high concentrations of estrogen and progesterone inhibit release of FSH and LH; therefore, no other follicles complete the maturation process
in absence of fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates, hormone levels decline, new blood vessels constrict, uterine lining disintegrates and is shed as the menstrual flow
remnant of the dead corpus luteum is small corpus albicans
when estrogen and progesterone levels fall, the secretion of FSH and LH increases, and a new antral follicle will start to mature