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Reproductive system - Sandra Cortez Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive system - Sandra Cortez Period 1
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)
Male Reproductive System
Develops and maintains organs for production of offspring
Delivers sperm to female
Female Reproductive System
Transport these cells to the site of fertilization
Provide environment for a developing fetus
Deliver, feed and nurture offspring
Produce female sex hormones
Produce and maintain sex cells (egg cells, oocytes)
Disorders associated with the reproductive system (including STI’s)
5. Hepatitis (HAV, HBV and HCV)
Transmission:
(A) Contaminated objects and sex, (B) Fluids like blood or semen and sex (C) Blood
Signs/Symptoms:
(A) Liver damage, (B) Sick for a few weeks and or chronic infection (C) Liver cancer
Description:
(A) 3,500 new infections each year, common in many countries, (B) About 1.2 million people have 50-100 times more infectious than HIV (C) About 3.2 million people have it
Treatment:
Vaccination
Prevention:
A and B have a vaccine, C does not
6. Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas Vaginalis)
Transmission:
Through infected person to uninfected person during sex, can infect hands, mouth or anus
Signs/Symptoms:
Many people don't have any, there can be mild irritation to severe inflammation (within 5 to 28 days), (Women) Itching, burning, redness or soreness of genitals as well as painful urination (Men) + discharge
Description:
Most people cannot tell their infected, it is one of the most common and curable STD, in the U.S about 3.7 million people are infected, more common in women
Treatment:
Single dose of prescribed antibiotic medication (metronidazole or tinidazole) and pills
Prevention:
Use latex condoms, avoid having sex, be informed and transparent, get tested
4. Gonorrhea (Neissera Gonorrhea)
Transmission:
Vaginal, anal or oral sex w/ someone who is infected and childbirth
Signs/Symptoms:
(Women) painful burning sensation when urinating as well as an increased vaginal discharge or bleeding (Men) there can be white, yellow or green discharge as well as painful or swollen testicles
Description:
Can affect both men and women, causes infections in the genitals, rectum and throat, common in young people between the ages of 15 and 24
Treatment:
Prescribed medication
Prevention:
Don't have sex until treatment is completed, and test
7. AIDS/HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus & Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
Transmission:
Contact with infected blood, semen or vaginal fluids
Signs/Symptoms:
Discharge from penis, flu like symptoms, sense of fatigue and or swollen lymph nodes
Description:
Damages the immune system and typically HIV turns into AIDS in about eight to ten years
Treatment:
There is no cure but medication can help the progression
Prevention:
Get tested, use condoms and limit sexual partners
3. Chlamydia (Chlamydia Trachomatis)
Transmission:
Vaginal, anal or oral sex which someone infected and childbirth
Signs/Symptoms:
(Women) abnormal vaginal discharge, or burning sensation when urinating (Men) burning sensation when urinating, or discharge/pain or swelling in both testes
Description:
Can infect both women and men, can cause serious permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system, can make it difficult to get pregnant/cause potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy
Treatment:
Prescribed medication
Prevention:
Testing and don't have sex until treatment is completed
8. HPV/Genital Warts (Human Papillomaviruses)
Transmission:
Vaginal, anal or oral sex with someone whose infected
Signs/Symptoms:
No test can find the status, there are HPV tests that can be used to screen for cervical cancer and genital warts
Description:
Most common sexually transmitted infection, different from HIV (there are many types), can cause health problems
Treatment:
No treatment for the virus itself (genital warts) prescribed medication (cervical pre-cancer) routine pap tests
Prevention:
Vaccine
2. Genital Herpes (HSV-1 & HSV-2)
Transmission:
Having sex w/someone who has the disease [no apparent sores]
Signs/Symptoms:
No to mild symptoms, can be mistaken for another skin condition, blisters and flu like symptoms
Description:
Caused by two virus types, more common in women and one out of six people aged 14 to 49 yrs have HSV-2
Treatment:
No treatment
Prevention:
Antiviral meds, latex condoms, abstain from sexual conduct and testing
9. PID (Chlamydia Trachomatis & Neisseria Gonorrhoeae)
Transmission:
Have an STD and don't get treatment, more than one sex partners, partner has had PID before, using an IUD for birth control
Signs/Symptoms:
Pain in lower abdomen, fever, unusual discharge with bad oder, pain or bleeding during sex, painful urination and bleeding in between periods
Description:
Infection of a women's reproductive organs, often caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea 1 (other infections can be caused by PID)
Treatment:
Antibiotics
Prevention:
Be transparent w/ your partner, get tested and complete treatment before having sex
1. Syphilis (Treponema Pallidum)
Transmission:
Direct contact w/ a syphilis sore during vaginal, anal or oral sex
Signs/Symptoms:
(P) Single or multiple sores, (S) lesions, (L) no visible signs and (T) damage to internal organs and or death
Description:
Divided into stages [primary, secondary and tertiary]
Treatment:
Antibiotics
Prevention:
Following up and testing
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
A) Testes
- Ovoid structures suspended by spermatic cord outside trunk in a sack (the scrotum), give rise to sperm cells
B) Epididymis
- Promotes sperm cell maturation; stores sperm cells; conveys sperm cells to ductus deferens
C) Ductus Deferens
- Conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct
D) Seminal Vesicle
- Secretes an alkaline fluid containing nutrients & prostaglandins that help regulate the pH of semen
E) Prostate Gland
- Secretes a fluid that contains citrate (a nutrient) for sperm
F) Bulbourethral Gland
- Secretes fluid that lubricates end of penis
G) Scrotum
- Encloses, protects and regulates the temperature of the testes
H) Penis
- Conveys urine and semen to outside of body; inserted into vagina during sexual intercourse; the glans penis is richly supplied w/ sensory nerve endings associated w/ feelings of pleasure during sexual stimulation
Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)
Female
Estrogen:
Responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics (i.e) breast development, sex organ enlargement etc.
Progesterone:
Triggers uterine changes during the menstrual cycle
Male
Testosterone:
Stimulates development of male reproductive organs and responsible for secondary sexual characteristics (i.e) deep voice, body hair etc.
(FSH) Stimulates the maturation of a follicle in the ovary
(LH) Stimulates cells to produce testosterone precursors which can be converted into estrogens in the ovary
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
5. Withdrawal (no hormones, nothing to buy)
Mode Of Protection:
Behavioral
Effectiveness:
Not very effective, 20 out of 100
Side Effects:
No menstrual side effects
Description:
Withdrawal of penis from vagina before ejaculation; some sperm may reach vagina before ejaculation, must be used every time you have sex
6. Female Sterilization (permanent)
Mode Of Protection:
Surgical
Effectiveness:
0.5 out of 100
Side Effects:
No menstrual side effects, pain, bleeding and risk of infection
Description:
Surgical method of permanently preventing pregnancy, tubal ligation in female (cutting of the uterine tubes, preventing sperm from reaching egg), only have to do this once
4. Fertility Awareness (no hormones, increased awareness)
Mode Of Protection:
Behavioral
Effectiveness:
Not effective, 24 out of 100
Side effects:
No menstrual side effects
Description:
Abstinence from sexual intercourse around time of ovulation; difficult to determine time of ovulation, use condoms on fertile days and must be used every time you have sex
7. Male Sterilization (permanent)
Mode Of Protection:
Surgical
Effectiveness:
0.15 out of 100
Side Effects:
No menstrual side effects, pain, bleeding and risk of infection
Description:
Surgical method of permanently preventing pregnancy, vasectomy in male (removal of a small portion of the vas deferens, preventing sperm from entering semen), only have to do this once
3. External Condom (no hormones/prescription)
Mode Of Protection:
Mechanical
Effectiveness:
Not effective, 13 out of 100
Side Effects:
No menstrual side effects, can have an allergic reaction or experience irritation
Description:
Prevent sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse, put over the penis, must be used every time you have sex
8. IUD (LNG - no estrogen and can reduce cramps) (Copper - no hormones and may cause cramps)
Mode Of Protection:
Mechanical
Effectiveness:
0.2 out of 100 and 0.8 out of 100
Side Effects:
(LNG) lighter periods or spotting (Copper) may cause heavier and longer periods (Both) some discomfort w/ placement
Description:
Objects implanted in the uterus are either toxic to sperm and egg cells or prevent implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of endometrium, thicken cervical mucus (LNG) up to 7 years (Copper) up to 10 years
2. Internal Condom (no hormones/prescription)
Mode Of Protection:
Mechanical
Effectiveness:
21 out of 100
Side Effects:
No menstrual side effects, can have an allergic reaction or experience irritation
Description:
Prevent sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse, placed in vagina, must be used every time you have sex
9. Injectables (no estrogen and may reduce cramps)
Mode Of Protection:
Chemical
Effectiveness:
4 out of 100
Side Effects:
Spotting, lighter or no periods, can cause weight gain
Description:
Injection of a progesterone derivative prevents follicle maturation and ovulation; works for three months, and is placed in arm, hip or under skin
1. Diaphragm (no hormones)
Mode Of Protection:
Mechanical
Effectiveness:
12 out of 100
Side Effects:
No menstrual side effects, can have an allergic reaction or experience irritation
Description:
Prevent sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse, placed in vagina w/ spermicide, must be used every time you have sex
10. Pill (may improve acne, reduce cramps and lower ovarian and uterine cancer risk)
Mode Of Protection:
Chemical
Effectiveness:
8 out of 100
Side Effects:
Spotting, periods may become lighter, nausea, breast tenderness and risk for blood clots
Description:
Contain estrogen and progestins to prevent pregnancy; disrupt normal hormonal patterns of female cycle, and prevent follicle maturation and ovulation, taken by mouth, must be taken every day at the same time
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
D) Vagina
- Conveys uterine secretions to outside the body; receives erect penis during sexual intercourse; provides a passageway for offspring during birth process
E) Labia Majora
- Encloses and protects other external reproductive organs
C) Uterus
- Protects and sustains embryo during pregnancy
F) Labia Minora
- Forms margins of vestibule; protects openings of vagina and urethra
B) Uterine tube
- Conveys secondary oocyte toward uterus; site of federalization; conveys developing embryo to uterus
G) Clitoris
- Produces feelings of pleasure during sexual stimulation due to abundant sensory nerve endings in glans
A) Ovary
- Produces oocytes and female sex hormones
H) Vestibule
- Space between labia minora that contains vaginal and urethral openings
I) Vestibular glands
- Secrete fluid that moistens and lubricates vestibule
Events of the female hormonal cycles (be sure to include all categories)
Follicular Phase
Begins on the first day of menstruation and lasts until ovulation
Ovulation
Secondary oocyte is released and a polar body from the mature antral follicle and the surface of the ovary
If the oocyte is not fertilized within hours of its release it will degenerate
Menstration
Follicular cells become corpus luteum cells which secrete estrogens and progesterone
If the secondary oocyte is not federalized the corpus luteum degenerates and no longer secretes estrogens and progesterone
The anterior pituitary gland releases a surge of LH which leads to ovulation
As the concentrations of estrogens and progesterone decline blood vessels in the endometrium constrict
Follicular cells produce and secrete estrogens
Estrogens maintain secondary sex characteristics and cause the endometrium to thicken
The uterine lining disintegrates and slought off, producing a menstrual flow
FSH stimulates maturation of a dominant follicle
The anterior pituitary gland is no longer inhibited and again secretes FSH and LH
The anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH
The menstrual cycle repeats
Menopause occurs in the late 40s or early 50s
Luteal phase
Prepares the uterus for pregnancy by thickening the uterine lining