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Kingdom Animalia - Coggle Diagram
Kingdom Animalia
Common
Characteristics
eukaryotic
(no cell walls)
multicellular
allows for:
cell + tissue specialisation
development of specific
body forms
development of spaces between cells
reduces problem of SA:V ration
in contrast to
unicellular organisms
- limitations...
limited specialisation - efficiency possible
size restricted - if cell too large - SA:V ratio decreases
greater diversity
of form
greater range
of habitat
feed heterotrophically
digest internally
non-photosynthetic
capable of
locomotion
have nervous co-ordination
(not sponges)
1. Phylum Cnidaria
examples
marine jellyfish (medusa form)
fresh water Hydra (polyp form)
sea anemones
Radially Symmetrical
D: symmetry around the central axis
body divided into 2 halves by any plane through central axis
ROUND cross section
Restricted to Aqueous Medium
for support
& no means of restricting water loss across
Internal Hydrostatic Skeleton
formed by fluid-filled enteron (gut cavity)
a single internal cavity/sac
Mouth Leading to Enterons
surrounded by ring of mobile tentacles
containing cnidocysts
(stinging cells that release toxins)
to kill pray
2. Phylum
Platyhelminthes
examples
tapeworms
planarians (detritovores - eat dead plant/animal)
liver flukes (highly adapted parasites)
Bilaterally Symmetrical
advantages
distinct front end
sensory receptors are positioned
allows to test environment before entering
streamlined shape
movement much easier
(than radial cnidarians)
D: body divided into 2 identical halves
on each side of single central axis
2 halves = Mirror Images
Flattened Dorso-Ventral
increases SA:V ratio
advantages
increases uptake
of oxygen
decreases diffusion distance
from body surface to body cells
More Tissue than Cnidarians
tube-like gut (rather than enteron)
solid tissue fills space between outer surface + gut
advantages
tissue allows for
specialisation
many cells per unit volume
involved in metabolic activity
(high demands O2)
facts
Parasitic or Free Living
Aquatic
has:
Excretory System
CNS
Brain
generally hermaphrodite
Highly Branched Gut
with 1 OPENING
mouth + anus same hole
food enters + food remains leave same hole
3. Phylum
Annelida
examples
earthworm
lugworm
Bilaterally Symmetrical
Round in Cross Section
(different to platyhelminths)
Coelom
spaces within tissue
lies between body surface + gut
advantages
ratio of SA to metabolically active tissue = INCREASED
why annelids ROUND in transverse section
not same requirement to max SA:V ratio for respiratory purposes
effective hydrostatic skeleton
spaces = FLUID-FILLED
locomotion muscles SEPARATED
from gut muscles
allows movement of organism &
peristaltic gut movement = independent
provides room for
development of ORGANS
Metamerically Segmented
body divided into large no.
of structurally similar segments
each w/ own body cavity
Circulatory, Excretory + (simple) Nervous System
blood vessels
nerve cords present
Specialised Digestive System
one way gut
separate mouth + anus
advantages
allows regional specialisation
prevents food waste being mixed with incoming food
within gut =
muscular pharynx
oesophagus
crop (storage area)
muscular gizzard (mechanical digestion)
intestine (absorption)
4. Phylum
Arthropoda
examples
insects
spiders
Bilaterally Symmetrical
Fixed Number of
Metameric Segments
HEAD
THORAX
3 segments
ABDOMEN
10-11 segments
Jointed Limbs
3 pairs
on each segment of thorax
Exoskeleton
has:
Mouth
Anus
Gut (shows regional specialisation)
Arachnids
(spiders)
bilaterally symmetrical
metamerically symmetrical
four pairs of legs
2 main sections of body (head + thorax combined =
cephalothorax
)
Arthropods
(insects)
most successful animal group
most amount of species
easily adapted + modified:
fit wide range of niches
example = insect mouthpart...
chewing
locusts
piercing skin
mosquitoes
piercing plant's epidermis
aphids
sucking fluids
houseflies
life cycle of animals
(eg. larvae-caterpillar-butterfly)
separate FOOD SOURCES
5. Phylum
Chordata
Vertebrates
= animals w/ backbones
vertebral (spinal) column
segmented muscle blocks
skeleton made internal jointed system of calcified bones
examples
fish
amphibians
reptiles
birds
mammals
Bilaterally Symmetrical
Segmented
D: linear repeating unites
more subtle in chordates than
annelids + arthropoda
Mesoderm encloses body cavity
& contains well differentiated:
digestive
reproductive
circulatory
excretory systems
has:
Mouth
Anus
One-Way Gut
(w/ regional specialisation)
Non-Vertebrates
= small group rare chordates
stiff dorsal rod (notochord)
(instead of true backbone)
Evolutionary
Trends
from Phylum 1-5
Radial Symmetry (cnidarians)
to
Bilateral Symmetry (all others)
R =
sessile organisms living in open
obtain food all directions
but MANY limitations
B =
(**phylum 2)
Solid Tissue between Body Surface + Gut Lining
to
Presence of Cavities
reduce amount of metabolically active tissue per volume
Development of Metameric Segmentation
(in annelids, arthropods + chordates)
Gut Cavity (cnidarians)
to
Gut with 1 Opening (platyhelminthes)
to
One-Way Gut
Skeletal + Muscle
Systems
- enable:
body shape
& posture
locomotion
meet increased food demand
protect + support increasingly
specialised internal structures
Transport Systems
facilitates exchange between
tissue + external
enables distribution
of materials
Cephalisation
distinct 'head' region