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DIFFERENCES IN EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT OFF SOCIAL GROUPS - SOCIAL CLASS -…
DIFFERENCES IN EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT OFF SOCIAL GROUPS - SOCIAL CLASS - MATERIAL DEPRIVATION
Material Deprivation
Refers to poverty + lack of material necessities such as adequate housing + income
Poor Housing
Overcrowding
= makes it harder for children to study because there is
less room
for educational activities, nowhere to do homework,
disturbed sleep
from sharing beds or bedrooms
Development can be impaired through lack of space for safe play + exploration
Families living in temporary accomodation may find themselves moving more frequently + resulting in
constant changes of school + disrupted education
Child's health in crowded homes are more likely to be worse because crowded homes = greater risk of accidents
Cold/damp housing - causes illness
Temporary accommodation = families are more likely to suffer
psychological distress, infections + accidents which results in more absences from school
Poor Diet + Health
Poor nutrition affects health - e.g. by weakening the immune system + lowering the child's energy levels
This may result in more absences from school due to illness + difficulties concentrating in class
Financial Support + Cost of Education
Lack of financial support means that children from poor families have to do without equipment + miss out on experiences that would enhance their educational achievement
Poor children have to make do with hand-me-downs + cheaper but unfashionable equipment which can result in isolation/bullying by peers
Marilyn Howard (2001)
Noted that young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins + minerals
Richard Wilkinson (1996)
Children from poorer homes are also more likely to have emotional/behavioural problems
Wilkinson
- among 10 year olds, the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity, anxiety + conduct disorders
All of which are likely to have a negative effect on the Child's education
Blanden + Machin
Found that children from low income families were more likely to engage in 'externalising' behaviour - e.g. fighting/temper tantrums - which are more likely to disrupt their schooling
Fear Of Debt
Going to uni involves getting into debt to cover the cost of tuition fees, books + living expenses
Attitudes towards debt may deter w/c students from going to uni
Increase in tuition fees to £9,000 a year will deter w/c students even more from applying/wanting to attend uni
w/c students who do go to uni are likely to receive less financial support from their families
Financial factors also restrict w/c students' choice of uni + chances of success
Drop out rates are also higher for unis with a large proportion of poor students
Emily Tanner et al
Found that the costs of items such as transport, uniforms, books, computers, calculators, sports, music, art equipment, places a heavy burden on poor families
Smith + Noble
Found that poverty acts as a barrier to learning on other ways e.g. inability to afford private schooling/tuition
Ridge
Found that children in poverty take on jobs such as babysitting, cleaning + paper rounds which often had a negative impact on their school work
Callender + Jackson - Debt adverse
Found that w/c students are more debt adverse- meaning that they saw debt negatively + as something to be avoided
UCAS (2012) - applications
The number of UK applicants fell by 8.6% in 2012 compared with the previous year
Dianne Reay- part-time work
Found that w/c students were more likely to apply to local unis so they could live at home + save on travel costs, but that this gave them less opportunity to go to the highest status universities
They were also more likely to work part-time to fund their studies, making it more difficult for them to gain higher-status degrees
A Nation Union of Students (2010)
Online survey of 3,863 uni students found that 81% of those from the highest social class received help from home in comparison to 43% of those from the lowest class
London Metropolitan - Drop out rates
London Metroploitan Uni = large w/c intake - had 16.6% drop out rates + only 1.5% drop out rates at Oxford where nearly half of students were privately educated prior