What is an organization?

a formal social structure; which use sources from an environment and process it into output.

Have 4 different frames:

1. Structural (Roles and responsibilities, coordination and control)
2. Human resources (Provide harmony between needs of organization and people)
3. Political (Coalitions composed of varies individuals and interest groups)
4. Symbolic (Related to events; Culture, language, traditions and image)
   

System Concept (Organization)
Systems - sets of interacting components that work within an environment to fulfill some purpose

Top management and project managers must follow system philosophy

Three Spheres:

1. Business
2. Organization
3. Technology

Types of Organizational Structure in Project Management:

1. Functional Organization

• People are grouped by areas of specialization
• Team members do both project work and departmental or operational work at the same time.
  

2. Project-Based Organization

• The entire company is organized by projects
• The resources are not associated with any department. They report to their project managers only.
  

3. Matrix Organization

• Aims to get the benefits from two previous organizational structures.
• Team members report to both project manager and functional managers.
  
  

Organizational Culture
Characteristics:

1. Member identity
2. Group emphasis
3. People focus
4. Unit integration
5. Control

IT Projects

Projects that involve using hardware, software, and networks to create a product, service, or result.

Example: A team of students creates a smartphone application and sells it online.

Project Attributes

1. A project has a unique purpose

• Have a well-defined objective that provide the basis for further discussions and projects that leads to unique product, service or result
  

2. A project is temporary

• Beginning and end
  

3. A project is developed using progressive elaboration

• Develop in increments
  

4. A project requires resources, often from various areas.

• Resources include people, hardware, software, and other assets
  

5. A project should have a primary customer or sponsor.

• Project sponsor usually provides the direction and funding for the project
  

6. A project involves uncertainty.

• External (a supplier going out of business) and Internal factor
  
  

Other Restraints:

• Quality
• Resources
• Risks
• Good project management

Key elements in project management framework

• Project stakeholders
• Project management knowledge areas
• Project management tools and techniques
• The contribution of successful projects to the enterprise
  

1. Internal Stakeholders

• Project sponsor, Project team, Support staff, Internal customers
  

2. External stakeholders

• External users/customers, Competitors, Suppliers

1. Project scope management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully.
2. Project time management includes estimating how long it will take to complete the work, developing an acceptable project schedule, and ensuring timely completion of the project.
3. Project cost management consists of preparing and managing the budget for the project.
4. Project quality management ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken.
5. Project human resource management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with the project.
6. Project communications management involves generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project information.
   

Best practices

• Use an integrated toolbox
• Grow project leaders
• Develop a streamlined project delivery process
• Measure project health using metrics
  

Improving The Likelihood of Success

• A Value-Driven Approach
• Socio-technical Approach
• Project Management Approach
• Knowledge Management Approach
  

Project Governance

• Provides a framework to guide all the project decisions
• Defines: Structure, Authorization, Oversight and Accountability, Decision Making, Resources

Skills needed in a Project Team

1. Technology Skills
2. Business/organization knowledge
3. Interpersonal skills
   

Role:
meet specific scope, time, cost, and quality goals of projects

Project Manager Job Description:
Vary by industry and by organization, also by project

People Skills and Leadership Skills (General emphasis)

1. People skills
2. Leadership
3. Listening
4. Integrity, Ethical Behavior, Consistency
5. Verbal communication
6. Strength at building trust/team
7. Critical thinking, problem solving
   

Decision depends on:

1. The project scope
2. Availability of the products and services in the marketplace
3. Cost
4. Quality
5. Terms and Conditions
6. Experience and skills of the project team
   

Project Outsourcing Model

1. Full Insourcing

• Resources acquired internally.

2. Selective Outsourcing

• Some resources acquired internally. The rest are outsourced externally.

3. Full Outsourcing

• Resources are handled by external sources.

Types of Cost-reimbursable Contracts

• Cost-Plus-Fee (CPF) or Cost-Plus-Percentage Cost (CPPC)
• Cost-Plus-Fixed-Fee (CPFF)
• Cost-Plus-Incentive-Fee (CPIF)
  

FOUR TYPES OF ASSOCIATION (RACI):

1. Responsible

• A role that is “Responsible” for completing the task or deliverable.
  

2. Accountable

• A role that is “Accountable” has the final authority or accountability for the task’s completion.
  

3. Consulted

• A role that is “Consulted” is an adviser to a task.
  

4. Informed

• A role that is “Informed” is kept up to date on task completion.
  

Project Charter

• Serves as an agreement and as a communication tool for all of the project stakeholders
• Documents the project’s MOV
• Defines the project’s infrastructure
• Summarizes the details of the project plan