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In school factors - Coggle Diagram
In school factors
Self concept
a persons view of themselves
forms from interactions with others
can have an effect on educational attainment
middle class classed as "high achievers" and working class classed as "low attainers"
labels effect teacher expectations
Labelling
some students reject negative labels
Fuller- study of black girls
girls resented negative labels and tried to prove people wrong
devoted themselves to school work
labelling can have a variety of effects
Rist 1970
Study of american kindergarten
found that after 8 days, students were permanently sat at 3 different tables
Table 1- fast learners
Table 2 and 3- less able
it was not ability that determined where each child sat
it was the degree to which they conformed to teachers own middle class standards
eg. neat and tidy appearance and coming from a well educated family
Boaler
study of students all with similar ability
school A- mixed ability
so significant class differences in exam results
school B- 8 sets for maths
higher results but mainly by middle class students
interviewed 8 years later
school a- happy
school b- higher sets happy and lower sets not
concludes that ability grouping reproduces social class inequalities
Cicourel and kitsuse 1963
study of counsellors
decided what courses students should be placed on
social class was an important influence on how they were evaluated
more likely to perceive middle class students as having college prospects
placed on higher level courses
Ability grouping
streaming
overall ability for all subjects
banding
different for each subject
setting
classes based on attainment for each subject
mixed ability
randomly mixed
Reay
says class is lived in the classroom
working class seen as inadiquete workers
working class question the point of working hard
streaming in primary schools
increases the gap
more working class students placed in lower streams