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Leidy Esquivel Per:2 Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Leidy Esquivel Per:2 Reproductive System
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)
Bring gametes from male and female together through sexual intercourse
(copulation)
Combine genetic information contained within gametes through fertilization
Form specialized cells for sexual reproduction call gametes
Support development of fetus (gestation) and birth of baby (parturition)
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Follicular Phase
Dominant follicle outcompetes other follicles and is only one to continue on
Other non-dominant follicles will undergo atresia
FSH levels drop around middle of follicular phase
Primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte
and first polar body
During follicular phase, several vesicular follicles become sensitive to FSH
and are stimulated to grow
Ovulation
Ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata
into peritoneal cavity
1–2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which, if fertilized,
results in fraternal twins
In-between Follicular and Luteal phase
Identical twins result from fertilization of one oocyte, then separation of
daughter cells
Luteal Phase
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen
If no pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans in
10 days
Remaining cells form corpus luteum
If pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum produces hormones that sustain pregnancy until
placenta takes over, at about 3 months
After ovulation, ruptured follicle collapses, and antrum fills with clotted blood
The Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
Days 6–14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase
Estrogen also increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
Thins out normally thick, sticky cervical mucus to facilitate sperm passage
Rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
Ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase on day 14
Days 15–28: secretory (postovulatory) phase
Corpus luteum degenerates toward end of secretory phase; progesterone
levels fall
Endometrial cells die, and glands regress
Endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
Blood vessels fragment, and functional layer sloughs off and uterine
cycle starts all over again on first day of menstruation
Phase that is most consistent in duration
Days 1–5: menstrual phase
Gonadotropin levels are beginning to rise
Stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall and is shed
Ovarian hormones are at lowest levels
By day 5, growing ovarian follicles start to produce more estrogen
Disorders associated with the reproductive system
Chlamydia
Symptoms
: urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain;
painful intercourse; irregular menses
Treatment
: antibiotics
Most common bacterial STI in United States caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
Trichomoniasis
Easily and inexpensively treated
Symptoms
: 70% of women have no symptoms
Parasitic infection that is more common in women than men
30% have yellow-green vaginal discharge with strong odor
Gonorrhea
In males, symptoms can include urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus from penis
(penile “drip”)
In females, symptoms can include abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, or abnormal
uterine bleeding and possible urethral symptoms
Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Treatment
: antibiotics, but resistant strains are becoming prevalent
Syphilis
Pink skin rash, fever, and joint pain can develop
Appear for 3–12 weeks, then disappear
Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally caused by Treponema pallidum
Treatment
: penicillin
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Cause of genital warts
80% of cases of invasive cervical cancer are linked to some strains of HPV
Group of 40 or more viruses is most common STI in United States
Vaccination can guard against most common cancer-causing strains
Genital Herpes
One of most difficult human pathogens to control because most do not know they
are infected
Characterized by latent periods and flare-ups with vesicle formation
Caused by herpes simplex virus
Treatment
: antiviral drugs can reduce duration and intensity of flare-ups
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
Mechanical Barriers
: prevent sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse
Examples
: male or female condoms, diaphragm, cervical cap
Chemical Barriers
: contain spermicides; are more effective when used with a condom
Examples
: creams,foams, jellies
Rhythm Method:
abstinence from sexual intercourse around time of ovulation; difficult to determine time
of ovulation; not effective
Coitus Interruptus
: withdrawal of penis from vagina before ejaculation; not very effective; some sperm may
reach vagina before ejaculation
Combined Hormone Contraceptives:
contain estrogen and progestins to prevent pregnancy; disruptnormal hormonal patterns of female cycle, and prevent follicle maturation and ovulation;
Examples
:chemical ring, patch, oral contraceptives
Injectable Contraception
: injection of a progesterone derivative prevents follicle maturation and ovulation;
works for 3 months
Contraceptive Implants:
implantation of a rod containing progestin under the skin in the arm; can prevent follicle maturation and ovulation for 3 years
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs):
objects implanted in the uterus are either toxic to sperm and egg cells or prevent implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of endometrium, thicken cervical mucus
Sterilization:
surgical methods of permanently preventing pregnancy; vasectomy in male, removal of a small portion of the vas deferens, preventing sperm from entering semen),tubal ligation in female, cutting
of the uterine tubes, preventing sperm from reaching egg
Birth control
: The voluntary regulation of the number of offspring produced and requires the use of contraception to avoid fertilization and prevent implantation
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Penis
External genitalia:
scrotum and penis
Root and shaft that ends in glans penis
male copulatory organ
Prepuce
: cuff of loose skin covering glans
Scrotum
Contains paired testes
Midline septum divides scrotum into two compartments, one for each testis
Hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis
Scrotum is affected by temperature changes
Sac of skin and superficial fascia
Testes
Tunica vaginalis
: outer layer derived from peritoneum
Tunica albuginea
: inner layer forms fibrous capsule
Sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum
Septa divide testis into ~250 lobules, each containing one to four seminiferous
tubules
Sperm is conveyed from seminiferous tubules to straight tubule → rete testis →
efferent ductules → epididymis
Spermatic cord encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply
testes
Vas Deferense
Passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity
Joins duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
45 cm long
Smooth muscle in walls propels sperm from epididymis to urethra
Prostate
Consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid
Encircles urethra inferior to bladder
Urethra
Coveys both urine and semen (at different times)
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Ovaries
Suspensory ligament
: anchors ovary laterally
to pelvic wall
Suspensory ligament and mesovarium are part of broad ligament that supports uterine
tubes, uterus, and vagina
Ovarian ligament: anchors ovary medially to uterus
Ovarian follicles
: tiny saclike structures embedded in cortex
paired structures flank the uterus, are almond shaped and about twice as large
Vagina
Functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation
Vaginal secretions are acidic in adult females
Thin-walled tube 8–10 cm (3–4 inches) in length
Mucosa near vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition called with intercoursewww
Uterus
Body
: major portion
Fundus
: rounded superior region
Function is to receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
Isthmus
: narrowed inferior region
Hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ
Cervix
: narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina
Vulva
Labia minora:
skin folds lying within labia majora
Vestibule:
recess within labia minora
Labia majora:
hair-covered, fatty skin folds
Clitoris:
anterior to vestibule
Mons pubis:
fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
Fallopian Tubes
Receive ovulated oocyte and are
usual site of fertilizatio
During ovulation, uterine tube captures oocyte
Margin contains ciliated projections called fimbriae that drape over ovary
Oocyte is carried along toward uterus by smooth muscle peristalsis and ciliary action
Infundibulum
: funnel-shaped opening into the peritoneal cavity
Each tube ~10 cm (4 in) long and extends from area of ovary to superior region of uterus
Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)
Male
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH
Released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells via
hypophyseal portal system
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
Testosterone
Exert negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
Inhibin
Exerts negative feedback on FSH release from anterior pituitary
Female
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow,mature, and secrete sex hormones
FSH stimulates cells to release estrogen, and LH prods other cells to produce
androgens, which converts to estrogens
Negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release
Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
Triggers LH surge
Estrogen levels continue to rise as a result of continued release by dominant
follicle
LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
Estrogen levels decline
LH transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum
LH stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and some estrogen
almost immediately
Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
Corpus luteum degenerates when LH levels start to fall
Causes a sharp decrease in estrogen and progesterone, which in turn ends
blockage of FSH and LH secretion, causing cycle to start all over again
Estrogens and Progesterone
Act at target tissue in body