may lead to

1. Entry of the bacteria --> Leptospires enter the human body through contact with contaminated soil, water, or animals, especially rodents. (penetrate -->  skin/mucous membranes/inhalation /ingestion.)
   

2. Invasion of the bloodstream --> leptospires multiply and spread rapidly through the bloodstream, (bacteremia). Infect various organs( liver, kidneys, lungs,& central nervous system.)
   

3. Immune response --> Immune system responds to infection -->producing antibodies ( clear the bacteria from bloodstream & tissues). Immune response may cause tissue damage & inflammation. (severe cases)
   

4. Organ dysfunction --> Leptospirosis cause fever, headache, muscle pain, and jaundice(depend on severity). Can lead to kidney failure, liver failure, lung haemorrhage,& meningitis. (severe case)
   

5. Recovery or chronic infection--> self-limiting disease & recover within a few weeks with appropriate treatment. (most cases). Chronic carrier state (may be develop)-->bacteria persist in kidneys/genital tract-->shed the bacteria in urine/semen(ongoing transmission to others). 
   

1. Occupation: ( farmers, veterinarians, sewage workers, miners, construction workers, and those working in outdoor settings with exposure to animals or contaminated water sources).

   
   

2. Recreational activities

   
   

3. Living in rural or tropical areas: Leptospirosis is more common in rural or tropical regions where there is a higher prevalence of the bacteria in animals, water sources, or soil.

   
   

4. Exposure to animals: Direct contact with animals carrying the leptospira bacteria, such as rodents (rats and mice), cattle, pigs, dogs, and wildlife.

   
   

5. Flooding and natural disasters: Leptospirosis outbreaks can occur after heavy rainfall, floods, or natural disasters, as the bacteria can contaminate the water and soil.

   
   

6. Poor sanitation and hygiene: Living in areas with inadequate sanitation facilities and poor hygiene practices.

   
   

7. Wound exposure

   
   

1. Blood tests: detect the presence of antibodies to the bacteria in the blood. Tests such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) (common).

   
   

2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): detect the presence of the bacteria's genetic material in blood or urine samples. ( early stages )

   
   

3. Urine tests: help detect the presence of the bacteria in urine samples.( later stages )

   
   

4. Imaging studies: help detect complications of leptospirosis.

   
   

1. Avoid contacting freshwater or soil that may be contaminated with animal urine.

   
   

2. Wear protective clothing and footwear when working in areas with potential exposure.

   
   

3. Keeping living areas clean and free of rodent infestations.

   
   

4. Wash hands regularly and thoroughly with soap and water.

   
   

5. Using disinfectants such as bleach, lysol, acid solutions, and iodine are deadly to the bacteria to clean surfaces that may be contaminated with urine from infected animals.

   
   

6. Make water safe to drink by boiling or using an appropriate chemical treatment.

   
   

7. Getting your pet vaccinated against the disease and keeping your pet away from standing waterare the best ways to protect against the disease.

   
   

8. Administers antimicrobial prophylaxis for individuals at high risk of exposure. This is for an early treatment because the disease can cause severe kidney or liver damage and may be fatal.

   
   
   

1. Antibiotics: doxycycline, amoxicillin, penicillin, and azithromycin. 
   

2. Mechanical ventilation: lungs are infected with bacteria, may have a hard time breathing .
   

3. Plasmapheresis:  (plasma exchange)help at risk for organ damage from leptospirosis. (removes your blood using a tube attached to a vein. A machine separates plasma from blood and replaces it with a plasma substitute. blood is then returned to your body through another tube.
   

4. Supportive care:
   

   help manage the symptoms and complications of leptospirosis include:
   • Fluid replacement therapy to prevent dehydration
   • Management of fever with antipyretic medications
   • Treatment of kidney failure with dialysis, if necessary
   • Oxygen therapy for respiratory distress
   • Pain relief with analgesic medications
   

Leptospirosis is an illness caused by an infection with the bacteria Leptospira. Leptospira might infect through eyes, nose, mouth, or cuts in your skin. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, which means it’s transmitted between animals and humans.

2 phases : ( Leptospiremic phase & Immune phase )

Leptospiremic phase
-A sudden onset of flu-like symptoms.
-Starts within 2-14 days after a Leptospira infection.
-Lasts between 3-10 days.
-In this phase, bacteria are in the bloodstream and moving to organs.
-Blood tests will show signs of infection.

Immune phase
-Leptospira has already moved from blood to organs.
-The bacteria most concentrated in kidneys.
-Urine tests will show signs of the bacteria and have antibodies to Leptospira in blood.

1. Acute pain related to bacterial infections in the body as evidence by facial grimacing, complains of muscle aches and reports of pain on a pain scale of 8 out of 10.

   
   

2. Hyperthermia related to increase metabolic diseases secondary to leptospirosis as manifested by body temperature above the normal range which is 38*C, flushed skin, headache, and patient appeared weakness.

   
   

3. Fatigue related to systemic infections as evidenced by decreased energy levels, generalized weakness, and increased need for rest.

   
   

4. Risk for fluid volume deficit related to vomiting and diarrhea.

   
   

5. Risk for impaired skin integrity related to penetration of bacteria into body through skin and mucous membrane.