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BIO 20 - Coggle Diagram
BIO 20
The Biosphere (The part of the Earth that holds life)
Equilibrium - A state in nature in which all is balanced and there isn't too little or too much of anything
Trophic levels - the stages of a food web/chain that show which/how many energy transfer(s) is taking place
Producers are at the first trophic level, then going consumer on the second, secondary consumers on the third, and so on
bioaccumulation affects higher trophic levels more, and that higher levels need to eat more because energy is lost through trophic level transfers
Food chains - Linear paths that show energy transfers in an ecosystem. Arrows typically representing flow of energy
Food Webs - Multiple food chains form to show a more complex way of how energy flows.
Ecological pyramids - show accumulation of things in an environment
Pyramids of energy show amounts of energy through trophic levels and are always pyramids. Generally have a high slope
Biomass - Represents dry mass of organisms, meaning the organisms without water. Can be inverted if higher predators eat alot of smaller consumers
A pyramid of numbers shows how many organisms are in each trophic level. This pyramid can also be inverted
Biogeochemical Cycles - show the cycles of certain elements in the biosphere
Carbon goes through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Sometimes it ends up in deposits which when later combusted release carbon into the atmosphere.
Rapid cycling is through biotic elements and trophic levels, where as slow cycling includes deposits and sinks where is can take elements a much longer time to be released and have the cycle start over again
The nitrogen cycle is most especially important in flora because it's a vital nutrient to them. First bacteria take in nitrogen and convert it from ammonia, then to nitrite, and then to a useful form of nitrate. Human activities and decomposition then release the nitrogen for it to be cycled again.
Phosphorus cycle is the only cycle that does not include the atmosphere, only the hydro and lithosphere. It goes through biotic factors, decomposes, and then is geologically uplifted and cycled again
The oxygen cycle mostly goes through biotic factors. Respiration takes in oxygen, and photosynthesis releases it. Oxygen cycles are also very related to water cycles.
Properties of water
The universal solvent, water is slimly postive and slightly negative, making it great for dissolving stuff. These are polar bonds, slightly opposite and slightly negative.
Hydrogen bonds
Allow for a longer, stronger, prolonged state as a liquid. Hydrogen bonds are the reason ice is less dense than water. The colder the water, the less dense as hydrogen bonds loosen
High cohesion, which leads to higher surface tension compared to most liquids
Adhesion, water sticks well to other surfaces and when used with cohesion can provide an upward force in some fauna/flora
Autotrophs, organisms that make their own food and dont have to consume other organisms for it
Heterotrophs, organisms that cannot synthesize their own food and have to eat other organisms for it
Photosynthesis, the process in which plants use sunlight (UV rays), water, nutrients, and CO2, to make oxygen and sunlight
Celluar respiration, the process in which animals convert glucose into a usable form of ATP.
Chemosynthesis, how certain autotrophs use naturally found chemicals to synthesize energy without the use of light
Consumers, organisms that eat other organisms for energy needed for survival
Decomposers, organisms that feed on dead things and break down their composition
Energy flows throughout the biosphere, it begins with sunlight and is slowly widdled down and lost through imperfect energy transfers
Biomes, areas with specific circumstances and organisms that have responded to those specific circumstances in common ways.
Temperature affects biomes alot, and is heavily related to how close a biome is to the equator and/or the poles. To maximize productivity a biome should generally be pretty humid
Precipitation is also very important in biomes, as water is a key component of life. Temperature and precipitation need to be very well balanced for maximum productivity.
A climograph is a chart that shows the dynamics of precipitation and temperature throughout times and biomes
Productivity refers to how well biomass is being generated in an evironment. It relies on sunlight, water, and nutrients.
Stromatolites are ancient bits and pieces of layered rock built by ancient bacteria. They can give us an idea of what the earth and its climate were like way back
Evolution and Classification
Binomial Nomenclature. How to scientifically name a species. It consists on the genus capitalized, then the species name lowercase
A mutation of change that benefits an organism and helps it better suit its environment
Variation, many that are different(?)
Interspecific is difference and variation between species
Intraspecific variation is difference and variation within a speceis
Mutation, a change in genetic code through reproduction that causes differences. Can be good, bad, or neutral.
Natural selection, the process in which, through varation, those who are better suited to their environment have a more likely chance at surviving and passing on their genes
Evidence for evolution
Structures
Homologous structures show how two species can have similar structures due to them evolving from a common ancestor
Analogous structures show how two species would have similar structures due to responses to a common environment. EX. Fins evolved worldwide to help with swimming
Vestigal structures. Leftover structures from evoltion that serve no positive nor negative impact. We can use these structures to make connections and common ancestors. EX. goosebumps on humans serve no real purpose but show relations to birds
Fossil records show the skeletal structure of how species evolve over time. They also give us transmittal fossils of species that show direct intermediate connections between two different speceis
By looking at DNA we can see how different species have is similar genes and genetic code, helping us make common ancestors and links
Embryology. By looking at how life begins, starts, and develops it can show structures and characteristics that become common across many different speceis
Theories of evolution
Larmarkcs theory. That species acquire learned traits during their lifetime and pass them on genetically. EX. a giraffe stretches its neck alot, so its offspring will begin life with an even longer neck. This was wrong because you can't learn a trait and integrate it genetically
Darwins theory. That through genetic variation and natural selection those who are best suited to their environment would have a higher likelihood of surviving and passing on their traits.
Punctuated equilibrium. The theory that evolution takes place is spurts and short sequences in response to drastic changes in an environment.
Gradualism. The theory that evolution is constantly happening at a slower pace compared to punctuated equilibrium
Speciation. When what was originally one population splits due to some reason. This split results in the two groups evolving so differently to the point where the two groups are not the same species anymore and cannot produce fertile offspring. (resulting in reproductive isolation)
Cladograms. Groups of related organisms that are linked by a common ancestor/trait on an evolutionary tree
Dichotomous keys. A way or classifying an organism by using a series of yes or no questions
Taxonomic hierarchy, the layers of organization to classifying life. From least to most specific it goes domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, speceis
Ecosystems and Population Changes
Ecosystem, a community of different species interacting with the abiotic factors of their environment
Population, the total amount of a certain single species in an area
Community, the total amount of different species in their environment, excluding abiotic factors
Species, A group of living organisms that can produce fertile offspring with each other
habitat, the home of an organism
Niche, an organisms role in an environment. EX. a plant plays the niche of a producer for other consumers
Biotic conditions, the conditions that affect an environment that are living. Vice versa for abiotic conditions
Zones of a lake ecosystem
The littoral zone is the more shallow part of the lake that receives best conditions for plants
The limnetic zone is the the upper part of deeper waters
The benthic zone is the rocky shape that holds the water and stuff in a lake
The profundal zone is the lower parts and sea floor of deeper waters that reecieves the least amount of sunlight
Limiting factors, factors that limit how productive an ecosystem is. Biotic ones would be predations and parasites, and abiotic ones would be water, sunlight, temperature, sunlight, oxygen