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Chemistry in Medicine 1 - Coggle Diagram
Chemistry in Medicine 1
Indigestion
Remedies
stomach problems = excess
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Indigestion
Tablets
Antacids =
BASES
- chemicals like
magnesium hydroxide/oxide/carbonate
calcium carbonate
(not Ca hydroxide/oxide = too alkaline)
only some ingredients = SOLUBLE
∴
back titration
used find amount base
2.known amount remedy
react with
excess HCl
3.remaining acid
titrated against
standard NaOH solution
use phenolphthalein
determine end point
(colourless to pink)
1.weigh tablet
contain chemicals (antacids)
neutralise acid
Maintaining
Skin pH
ACID MANTLE
outer layer
thin
protective
made of
:
water
fatty acids
long chain carboxylic acid
secreted from gland in skin
role
:
waterproof
lubricates skin
effective barrier
(against bacteria + viruses)
healthy acid mantle = desquamation
self cleaning mechanism
skin cells shed
natural skin pH =
ACIDIC
kills bacteria
in contrast - blood = alkaline
means is bacteria adapted to skin's acidic pH penetrate skin
killed by alkaline pH in blood
frequent washing - soap+alkaline agents
removes fatty acids from acid mantle
leave skin dry & vulnerable to infection
forms acne & warts
condition restored + preserved
using mildly acidic cleaners
contain fatty acids
ALKALINE pH - skin =
dry
sensitive
changes in pH due to
age
stress
dust
pollutants
soap
hormones
sun exposure
Warts
virus causes
excessive keratin
be produced in
top layer of skin
keratin
hard protein
gives wart tough texture
rough growth of skin caused by
human papilloma virus
(HPV)
REMOVAL
treatment with corrosive chemicals
containing:
chloroethanoic acid
di/trichloroethanoic acid
methanoic acid
salicylic acid
SALICYLIC ACID
2-hydroxybenzoic acid
C6H4(OH)COOH
weak acid safely applied to skin
only mildly corrosive
creams+gels = 10-60% solutions
common on
hands + feet
solutions containing Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)
also used remove warts
when conc = toxic + corrosive
Preventing Eye
Disease
EYE DROPS
containing very dilute solution of
silver nitrate
SILVER NITRATE
antibacterial properties
prevents + treats
eye infections in newborns
silver ions very toxic to bacteria
react with -SH groups on amino acids
change protein structure
used with care
toxic
damage healthy surrounding skin
now silver nitrate discontinued
in favour of antibiotics -
ERYTHROMYCIN
Aspirin 1
structure
full name
acetylsalicylic acid
active ingredient
salicylyl ester of ethanoic acid
less soluble than salicylic acid
less irritation to lining of mouth + stomach
irritation further decreased
taking soluble aspirin
contains sodium salt of acetylsalicylic acid
less acidic
more soluble - quickly absorbed in digestive system
why -OH attached to benzene ring = more acidic
than -OH in aliphatic alcohols?
benzene ring - electron withdrawing
weakens -OH bond
proton more easily liberated
uses
relieve mild to
moderate pain
reduce fever
reduce
inflammation
low doses taken over extended
period of time
lower risk of blood clots
why salicylic acid not
used as pain relief?
used to be active ingredient
in natural pain relief remedies
containing extracts from willow bark
but too damaging on
mouth + stomach
method
20g
salicylic acid
- pear
shaped flask
add
ethanoic anhydride
add catalyst -
conc phosphoric acid
anti-bumping granules
heat =
reflux
30mins
add excess water
hydrolyses remaining ethanoic anhydride
forms ethanoic acid
aspirin suction filtered
= Buchner funnel
wash = cold water
solubility low
recrystallise
suction filter + dry
preparation
heat mix of
salicylic acid
ethanoic anhydride
(CH2CO)2O
reaction
= irreversible
= no equilibrium formed
ethanoic anhydride
colourless liquid
irritating smell
neutral when pure
formed = dehydration of ethanoic acid
2CH3COOH --> (CH3CO)2O + H2O
why used over ethanoyl chloride?
ethanoyl chloride
easily broken down
by water (hydrolysed)
hydrolysis produces
toxic + irritant HCl fumes
builds uo in container + pressurises
ethanoic anhydride =
cheaper
why used over ethanoic acid?
ethanoic acid
incomplete reaction
ethanoic anhydride
more reactive