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Psychopathology, Mental disorders, Explaining Phobias and Depression, OCD,…

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        recognises a persons subjective experiences
        
        The definition views the disorder from the POV of the victim.
        
        It also uses WHODAS to observe things objectively (dressing themselves, prepare meals)
      - Behaviour may be functional
        
        a limitation may be that someone with a high functioning disorder such as anorexia nervosa may ve seen as
- - - - Evaluation
        
        Effectiveness of flooding
        
        Flooding is effective if you stick with it. It is cheaper than SD because its less sessions, but if you quit halfway though you're fucked.
        
        Strengths of behavioural therapies
        
        Behavioural therapies are generally faster, cheaper and require less effort.
        
        CBT requires a willingness to stick to it for many many sessions, whereas these exposure therapies dont take as long and demands less introspection
        
        Effectiveness of SD
        
        Research has found that SD is successful for a range of phobias. McGrath reported that about 75 per cent of patients with phobias respond to SD.
        
        In vivo techniques are more successful than in vitro. Often a number of different techniques are involved where a patient watches someone coping when exposed to the stimulus.
        
        This demonstrates the effectiveness of SD but also the value of using different exposure therapies.
  - - - Ellis' model was expanded to ABCDEF.
        
        D: dispute - is it Logical, is it Empirical, is it Pragmatic
        (- Logical - does it make sense? Empirical: where's the evidence? Pragmatic: is this thought helpful?)
        
        E: effects of dispute
        
        F: feelings produced.
      - REBT focuses on challenging or disputing irrational, self-defeating thought and replacing them with effective, rational beliefs.
        
        Clients complete homework between the therapies. Homework enables irrational beliefs to be tested against reality (empirical dispute)
        
        Behavioural action encourages clients to engage in fun activities they used to enjoy
        
        Therapists provide clients with unconditional positive regard, to convince them of their value as human beings.
      - Ellis' rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT), a type of CBT aims to turn irrational thoughts into rational thoughts, and resolve emotional behaviour problems.
    - - Support for behavioural action
        
        Babyak randomly assigned people with depression to a course of aerobic exercise, drug treatments, or both.
        
        All the groups showed significant improvement, with the exercise groups having a lower relapse rate than the drug group.
        
        This suggests that a change in physical activity can indeed be beneficial in depression treatment.
      - Alternative treatments are available
        
        The most popular treatment for depression is SSRI's. Drug therapies require less effort than CBT.
        
        Furthermore, drug treatment may help people with depression be able to cope with the demands of CBT.
        
        The best option may be both CBT and drugs.
      - Research support for REBT
        
        Ellis claimed a 90% success rate for treating depression using REBT. This has been supported CBT was superior to no treatment (2017)
        
        However, Ellis recognised that the therapy was not always effective, as some clients did not put their revised beliefs into action. Therapist competence is also important.
        
        This suggests REBT is effective, but relies on both the client and therapist for its effectiveness
- - - - Evaluation:
        
        Blames client rather than situational factors
        
        The cognitive approach suggests that it is the client who is responsible for their disorder. This gives the client the power to change the way things are.
        
        However, this may lead to the therapist overlooking situational factors which may have helped develop the issue
        
        strength lies in the focus but so does the weakness
        
        Practical applications in therapy
        
        The effectiveness of CBT is a strength of the cognitive approach
        
        CBT is consistently found to work effectively in the treatment of depression.
        
        If depression is alleviated by eradicating negative irrational thoughts, then their presence must have been a contributing factor to the development of depression.
        
        Support for the role of irrational thinking
        
        The view that depression is linked to irrational thinking is supported by Hammen and Krantz.
        
        They found that depressed people performed worse in a logic task than non-depressed people. Additionally, Bates found that depressed participants given negative automatic thought statements became more depressed.
        
        This research supports the view that negative thinking leads to depression, however, depression may also lead to negative thinking. Cause and effect issue.
- - - - The COMT gene regulates dopamine production, and may contribute to OCD. A less active form of this gene is common in OCD patients which produces an excess of dopamine. The SERT gene regulates serotonin levels, and many OCD patients have low serotonin.
      - OCD - low serotonin and high dopamine, you're depressed but excited.
      - Diathesis-stress: each of these genes only creates a vulnerability, stress from earlier life could be the trigger of the development into OCD.