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Ocean governence, pollution and socio-economic use - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Territorial waters -- these extend 12 miles out from a country's coast and a country has complete control over these waters.
      - Contigous zone -- these extend from 12 to 24 miles from the coast and in this area a country has soverign and legal rights over the water, but must allow unimpeded access to vessels from any country.
      - Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) -- these extend from 24 to 500 miles from the coast and in these waters the country has full control of ocean resources, but all countries may sail and fly through this area.
        
        As deep sea resource extraction becomes more viable the range of EEZs is becoming more and more important.
    - - The United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea is the international treaty governeing EEZs.
      - There are disputes over the extent of EEZs and what sort of islands and territories can be used as part of international claims for EEZs.
        
        This is closely linked to the South China Sea dispute.
  - - - The Phillipines.
      - Taiwan.
      - Vietnam.
- - - - Cruise ships release more soot then 1 million cars and more sulphur dioxide than 13 million.
      - Cruise ships produce 150,000 gallons of sewage a week.
        
        Sweage dumped into the sea creates algal blooms due to excessive nutrients in the water. These blooms can reduce O2 in the water around them and lead to animals dying.
      - Pollution from cruise ships has led to smog clouds in popular sights in the Carribean and Alaska.
      - They use around 1,500 tonnes of feul per day.
    - - The 90,000 ocean going cargo ships around the world create:
        
        18 to 30% of the world's nitogren oxide.
        
        9% of the world's sulfur dioxide.
      - Pollution is a focused problem.
        
        75% of shipping occurs within 400km of the coast.
        
        85% of shipping occurs in the Northern Hemisphere.
      - Shipping is responsible for 3.5% to 4% of climate change emissions.
      - Most shipping uses a feul called Bunker feul which is particuarly bad for the enviroment.
      - The port of Long Beach LA is the 2nd busiest port in the USA and has an air pollution 2 or 3 times worse then the national average.
    - - It is very hard to regulate ocean going vessels as they spend much of their time in international waters.
      - Businesses can
        
        Use more effiencent engines.
        
        Use better quality feul.
        
        Slow ships down from 27 knotts to 20 knotts (this will significantly reduce emmissions).
      - The USA has established a low emmissions shipping zone of 230 miles around the coast.
  - - - In HIC's there is greater enviromental legisation to protect water quality and businesses have better technology to deal with industrial sewage.
        
        However, there are still problems with it well recorded. In 2020 there were 3.1 million hours worth of literal sewage discharge into UK rivers.
      - In EDCs there are a large number of polluting industries that lack proper regulation.
      - In LIDCs there is a lack of regulation and technology to stop water pollution.
    - - It is estimated that 3kg of plastic per person is dumped into the water each year.
      - Around 1.4kg per person of industrial sewage is dumped into the oceans every year.
- - - - Seuz canal
        
        Links the red sea and the mediteraian sea.
        
        12% of global trade flows through the Seuz canal every year.
        
        When the canal was blocked by the Evergiven in 2021 for 6 days it cost £300 million/hr.
        
        Fears grow that it could be blocked again as the size of ships contuine to grow, but investment in the size of the canal fails to help it expand.
        
        Built 1869.
      - Panama canal
        
        Built in 1914.
        
        Cut the travel distence between New York and LA from 21,000km to 8,000km.
        
        Around 5% of the world's shipping geos through the canal every year.
        
        Has reduced transit times between the western US and Europe by 50%.
        
        Pros
        
        Reduced shipping times and therefore reduced emmissions from shipping.
        
        Helps transit 5% of world trade.
        
        Positive economic impact through the facilitation of trade.
        
        The Panama government makes money from shipping fees.
        
        Cons
        
        No competition (prices can be set as high as they like to use the canal and it can control global trade).
        
        Needs expanding (ships are to big, but this will have an enviromental impact).
    - - Containerisation -- this is the use of a stanard sized container in shipping to increase efficency.
      - Before containerisation material was dumped onto ships. The use of containers reduced the number of people comming into direct contact with materials/products and reduced theft.
        
        Before this it was said that dockworkers earned their daily wage and whatever they could carry off a ship.
      - Benefits
        
        Universal, making trading easier as each dock and ship used the same system.
        
        Reduced the time it took to load ships from weeks to hours whoich reduced costs and enabled the shipping of goods that prevouisly couldn't have been shipped.
        
        Helped halve the time it took to ship goods between Europe and Austrialia.
    - - Most submarine cables are found in the northern hemisphere connected ACs.
        
        Mainly due to ACs being able to afford to lay down submarine cables. :
        
        Cables cost hundres of millions of dollars to lay.
      - There are around 300 cables globaly.
      - Submarine cables transmit aroun 99% of global data.
      - Countries in Asia have begun increasing the number of cables being laid with Japan working to connect London and Tokyo with undersea cables.
      - The BRICS nations are discusing connecting themsevels with their own submarine cables.
    - - Piracy -- this is the act of boarding a vessel with intent to commit theft or any other crime or capacity to use force.
      - Most pirarcy occurs in the Gulf of Aden (Somalia), around the Malaca Strait and the Gulf of Guinea.
      - Pirates target large cargo ships.
      - Most pirarcy occurs outside of the moonson seas when seas are lower energy and less dangerous.
      - The most common method of dealing with pirartes is military intervention.
      - Causes of piracy
        
        Collapse of essential institutions in home country (i.e. home country has become a fail state).
        
        All closely linked.
        
        Poverty.
        
        High levels of organised crime.
  - - - 65.3 million displaced people.
      - 21.3 million refugees.
      - 10 million stateless people.
    - - The crossing the mediterian sea is one of the main ways inwhich refugees enter Europe, other refugee groups have also used the oceans such as the 'boat people' fleeing Vietnam.
      - Attempts have been made to reduce the dangers of crossing the oceans with pick up missions, however some countries have begun abonding this policy in exchange to turning ships back and sending them home.