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TOPIC 4: INSIDE THE COMPUTER - PROCESSING AND MEMORY - Coggle Diagram
TOPIC 4: INSIDE THE COMPUTER - PROCESSING AND MEMORY
System Unit
(Chassis)
Example components
Processor
Memory
Adapter Cards
sound card
modem card
video card
network card
Ports
Drive bays
Power supply
Motherboard
(System Board)
...main circuit board of the computer or system unit
A computer chip is a small piece of semiconducting material (silicon)
Contains adapter cards, processor chips & memory chips
Introduction
Case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data.
The case contains & protects the electronics of the computer/mobile device from damage.
Chip
Small piece of semi-conducting material on which integrated circuits are etched.
Contain many microscopic pathways capable of carrying electrical.
Chips are packaged so they can be attached to a circuit board.
Processor
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
...interprets & carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer.
A complex set of circuitry that executes stored program instructions.
A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more separate processor cores.
Contains:
Control Unit
...directs and coordinates operations in computer.
Carries out instructions that direct the computer system.
Communicates with the ALU & the memory.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
...performs arithmetic, comparison & logical operations.
Performs all arithmetic
addition
subtraction
multiplication
division
Performs all logical
operation/comparisons
equal
less than
greater than
combinations of the above (greater than & equal to)
not equal is represented by greater than or less than
Processor (cont.)
Machine Cycle
Step 1:
Fetch - obtain program instruction/data
item from memory.
Step 2:
Decode - translate instruction into
commands.
Step 3:
Execute - carry out command.
Step 4:
Store - write result to memory.
Pipelining
CPU begins fetching second completing machine cycle for first instruction.
Results in faster processing.
Register
...temporarily hold data & instructions
Temporary high speed storage area that holds data & instructions.
...temporary storage area built into a CPU.
some registers are used internally & cannot be accessed outside the processor, while others are user accessible.
most modern CPU architectures include both types of registers.
System Clock
Control timing of all computer operations. The pace of system clock is called clock speed (gigahertz, GHz)
Generates regular electronic pulses/ticks, that set operating pace of components of system unit.
Older CPU processing speeds are in megahertz.
1 MHz = 1 million cycles per second
Current CPU processing speeds are in gigahertz.
1 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second
Workstation and mainframe speeds are measure in MIPS (millions of instruction per second)
Zero Insertion Force (ZIP) socket
Allows you to install and remove chips with no force
Step 1:
Lift the lever on the socket.
Step 2:
Insert the chip.
Step 3:
Push the lever down.
Processer (cont.)
Heat Sinks
component with fins that cools processor
Heat Pipes
smaller device for notebook computers.
A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to malfunction or fail.
Require additional cooling
heat sinks
liquid cooling technology
cooling pads