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ENERGY SYSTEMS - Coggle Diagram
ENERGY SYSTEMS
ATP-PC SYSTEM
- Kicks in during very high intensity activity after first 2 seconds of intense activity depletes original ATP stores
- ATP levels fall dramatically, and ADP & P levels rise (due to the exothermic reaction)
- This triggers the release of creatine kinase, an enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of PC, an immediately available food fuel
- PC is made up of creatine with a high-energy phosphate bond
- stored on sight in muscle cells
- Easily accessed PC is broken down anaerobically in the sarcoplasm
- the high energy bond between creatine & phosphate is broken, releasing ATP for resynthesis
- For every mole of PC broken down, 1 mole of ATP can be resynthesises (YIELD= 1:1)
- This forms a coupled reaction where the breakdown of PC releases a free phosphate and energy which can be used to resynthesises ATP
- Coupled reaction = when the products of 1 reaction is used in another reaction
- This process provides energy for HIGH INTENSITY & SHORT DURATION(2-10secs) activities
- STRENGTHS:
- no delay for O2 - PC readily available in the muscle cell
- simple & rapid breakdown of PC & resynthesis of ATP
- provides energy for high intensity activities
- no fatiguing by-products
- simple compounds that aid fast recovery
- WEAKNESSES:
- low ATP yield and small PC stores leas to rapid fatigue after 8-10 seconds
- To improve efficiency of ATP PC system, anaerobic high-intensity training should be used
- maximal & explosive strength training will increase rapid muscle mass which costs storage and capacity for ATP & PC
- performer can supplement creatine, load phosphates, & eat high-protein diet to ,maximise body stores of PC
- combining the correct training & diet will maximise PC stores, increase duration of ATP-PC & delay fatigue
- this enables an increases quantity & quality if training
- BREAKDOWN OF ATP:
- ATP → ADP + P + ENERGY (exothermic)
- RESYNTHEISS OF ATP:
- ADP + P + ENERGY → ATP (endothermic)
GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM
- kicks in during high intensity activity after the first 10 seconds of intense activity exhausts PC stores & ATP levels fall
- ADP & P levels rise again, triggering the release of PFK, an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of glucose (the next available fuel)
- if glucose levels dip, GPP is released (GPP= enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of stored glycogen in muscles & liver)
- This converts glycogen into glucose to maintain its concentration in the bloodstream
- Glucose is broken down to extract energy for continued ATP resynthesis in the sarcoplasm
- the breakdown of glucose in the absence of O2 is through a process called anaerobic glycolysis
- this results in the production of pyruvic acid
- For every 1 mole of glucose, 2 moles of ATP is resynthesised
- this provides energy for high intensity activities such as the 200m/400m track event
- Glycolytic ATP resnthesis will continue for around 3 mins
- at this high intensity, O2 isnt available to continue the energy extraction from pyruvic acid, so LDH is released
- LDH is an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid, which accumulates & slows ATP resynthesis
- To improve the efficiency of he glycolytic system, a combination of high-intensity anaerobic training and aerobic training close to the aerobic threshold can be performed
- this will improve strength endurance, buffering capacity and removal of lactic acid & recovery rates
- a performer can use glucose & bicarbonate supplements , pre/post event meals to maximise a boys store of glycogen and buffering capacity
- combining correct training and diet maximises fuel stores and minimises lactic acid accumulation, delaying OBLA & early onset of fatigue
- STRENGTHS:
- no delay for o2
- large fuel stores in liver
- relatively fast fuel breakdown for ATP resynthesis
- provides energy for high intensity activities dir up to 3 mins
- lactic acid can be recycled into fuel for further energy production
- WEAKNESSESS:
- fatiguing by-product lactic acid
- relitevly low ATP yield
- recovery can be lengthy
- BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE:
- glucose → pyruvic acid + energy
- LACTIC ACID PRODUCTION: - pyruvic acid → lactic acid
- RESYNTHESIS OF ATP: energy + 2P + 2ADP → lactic acid
- BREAKDOWN OF ATP:
AEROBIC SYSTEM
- Kicks in during low- to- moderate intensity activity as the arrival of oxygen enables continued energy production
AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
-
- converts glucose to pyruvic acid with PFK catalysing the reaction
- this releases enough energy to resynthesises 2 moles of ATP
- GPP converts glycogen into glucose which maintains this process for an extended period of time
- As o2 is in sufficient supply, pyruvic acid is no longer converted into lactic acid
- it goes through a link reaction catalysed by coenzyme A, producing ACETYL CoA
- This allows access to the mitochondria
KREBS CYCLE
- ACETYL CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, which is oxidised through a cycle of reactions
- Co2, hydrogen and enough energy are formed to resynthesises 2 moles of ATP are released
- process occurs on the matrix of the mitochondria
-
- Highly efficient for long duration, & low-to-moderate intensity activities
- e.g marathons, Tour de France cycling
- STRENGTHS:
- large fuel stores; triglycerides, FFAs, glycogen & glucose
- high ATP yield & long duration of energy production
- no fatiguing by-products
- WEAKNESSES:
- Delay for o2 delivery
- complex series of reactions
- slow energy production limits activity to sub-maximal intensity
- Triglycerides or FFAs demand 15% more o2 for breakdown
- To improve efficiency of aerobic energy system, aerobic training should be performed
- this will improve aerobic capacity, vo2 max, SO muscle fibres * mitochondria size & density
- a performer ca alos glycogen load, use pre/post event meals, supplement nitrates & caffeine to maximise body stores of glycogen and use of triglycerides
- combining correct training & diet will increase availability of o2, increasing intensity & duration of performance without effects of fatigue
- BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE:
- glucose + 6o2 → 6co2 + 6h20 + energy
- RESYNTHEISIS OF ATP:
- energy + 38P + 38ADP→ 38 ATP
- BREAKDOWN OF ATP:
OVERVIEW
ATP RESYNTHESIS
- The store of ATP in the muscle cell is exhausted quickly lasting only 2-3 seconds
- In order to continue exercising ATP must be constantly resynthsised
- To do this, an ENDOTHERMIC reaction occurs where energy from the surrounding area os absorbed to rebuild high-energy bonds between ADP and a single Phosphate(P)
- The energy requires is provided by 1 of 3 energy systems, which real down food rules stored in the body
- depending on the intensity & duration of the activity, one energy system will dominate to maintain ATP resynthesis
ATP BREAKDOWN
- ATP, stored in muscle cell, is the only energy source for all bodily functions & muscular contractions
- ATP made up of 1 adenosine & 3 phosphates held together by bonds of chemical energy
- To extract the energy from ATP, the enzyme ATPase is released which stimulates the final high-energy bond to be broken
- This EXOTHERMIC reaction releases energy for muscular contraction
- This reaction leaves ADP and a single P