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female crime - Coggle Diagram
female crime
transgression
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they consider ideas of: self imposed curfews, treatment of women as victims, domestic violence, abuse, rape
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focus on women as victims rather than perpetrators, do not see gender as relevant and see individual in relation to context
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chivalry factor/ thesis
ALLEN- argues that mental health explanation (including PMS) for female criminality results in lighter punishment from courts
LEONARD- challenges the chivalry factor pointing out how 'bad women' are treated more harshly than men
POLLACK- women are more deviant than they seem (faking orgasms, not stating they are PMSing) and they are protected by a chivalry factor by police and courts
factors that label women bad are anything from: implying she is a 'bad mother' (neglect, abuse, children in care etc), or promiscuous (prostitute, teenage mother, children from several fathers etc). do not conform to expected norms of femininity
modern example: MET police do not follow chivalry thesis. they are seen to not protect women and reinforce negative stereotypes. comments on whatsapp group
biological explanation
victorians explained women's conformity with biological theory whereas sociologists favour: socialisation; social control and 'transgression'.
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LOMBROSO- 'normal' females have a disposition that repels them from deviant behaviour. there has been a link made between female crime and hormonal/ menstrual factors has been made (1 week before period more likely to commit crime)
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lack of opportunity
carlen- rational choice- women have adapted control theory located in 'class deals' and 'gender deals'. females who are most likely to become criminal are those who have rejected 'gender deal'. females who have been in care, thrown out of home, costs v benefits
LIBERATION THEORY- ADLER: argues that society has become less patriarchal as women's economic opportunities become similar to men's, so women's crime rates will rise. rate of female offending has risen sharply in last 20 years. number of girls under 18 convicted of violent offences in England and Wales doubled. women now account for 20% of crime. evidence based partly on juvenile crime by liberated girls moving in to labour market and also 'criminal career'
WILKINSON- found that in california where women equal to men engaged in similar levels of white collar crime
2 arguments
female crimes (shoplifting, prostitution) less likely to be reported are less likely to be reported compared with types of violet or sexual crimes committed by men
when women do commit crimes they are less likely to be prosecuted or convicted than men due to 'police culture' (male dominated, paternalistic and sexist). women do not fit police stereotypes of criminal behaviour so are less likely to be stopped and searched. POLLACK police and CJS may treat female offenders more leniently
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