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biogeochemical cycle - Coggle Diagram

- - - - living organisms -DNA , proteins (celll membranes , hormones and enxymes )
    - - soil - ammonium compounds , nittrates ,nitrites
      - rocks , minerals contain nitrogen
    - - dissolved nitrates and ammonium ions
    - - nitrogen gas
      - oxides of nitrogen
  - - - a reduction in the use of fossil fuels would reduce the amkiunt of NOX reeleased into the atmosphere
    - - the use of Nox release can be controlled by the use of catayltic converters and urea sprays
    - - the decomposotion of bioloigcal wast release ammonium ions as the amino acids in proteins de animate . enzymes produced by the bacteria remove amino groups which dissolve as ammonium ions . can be bad or good dependson where it occurs
    - - can be used to increase nutrient and hummus levelsn, these process reduced the bulk of material being used which makes application easier . also produces a fertiliser with a better c:n ratio.
    - - cultivation of legume crops
      - crop roattion
      - minimal use of pesticides that harm soil biota
- - - - captures light energy using pigments such as chlorphyll and converts low energy substances such as co2 and h20 into high energy carbohydartes such as proteins and lipids
    - - respiration releases energy captured in photysnthesis and uses it to drive metabollic processes
    - - some of the carbs ,proteins and lipids produced by plants are eaten by herbivores
    - - plants take it ammonia through roots and we get it from eating it
  - - - main chemical forms
        
        co2
        
        methane
        
        carbon monoxide
    - - main chemical forms
        
        hydrate carbonate ions
        
        dissolved carbon dioxide
    - - main chemical forms
        
        carbohydrates e.g cellulose , starch
        
        proteins
        
        lipids
    - - main chemical forms
        
        limestone
        
        fossil fuels mainly as carbons and hydrocarbons
  - - - deforestation reduces the movement of carbon from the atmosphere into the biomass
      - afforestation increases the movement of carbon from the atmosphere
      - marine pollution with toxic materials can reduce phytoplankton populations which reduces absorbtion of dissolved carbon dioxide
      - climate changeducing area of sea ice will cause less co2 to be removed from the sea . this is because there will be less algae habitats which mean less algae
    - - carbon in DOM is slowly released as co2 by the aeoribic respeiration in soil organsims especially bacteria and fungi . ploughing increases the oxygen supply and speeds the aeroibic decomposition up causing there to be less carbon in the store and an increase in the atmosphere
      - in the absence of oxygen the respiration by aneoribc soil organisms releases methane gas . this methane is released into the atmosphere it gradually oxidides into co2
      - aneoribc environments produced by humans
        
        rice padi fields
        
        landfill sites
        
        livestock intestines
    - - dissolved co2 is in an equillibrium with carbonic acid which disasociates to form hydrogen carbonate and hydrogen ions . the concentration of the hydrogen ions affects the ph of the sea . an increase in dissoled co2 = increase in ph of sea .
    - - conservation of biomass carbon stores
        
        habitats such as peat bogs , and forests contain huge stores of carbon . protecting these from exploitation is important to prevent higher co2 releases
      - the use of alternatives
        
        renewable energy sources and nuclear poweer produce lower co2 emmisions than fossil fuels
      - carbon sequestration
        
        large scale tree planting could remove alot of co2 from the atmopshere .once the tree reaches its full sixe there will be no further net storage of carbon but the tree will be resovoir . if the trees are harvested and kept as wood then replanting would provide additional carbon storage as new trees grow
      - CArbon capture and storage
        
        captures carbon and does not release it into the atmosphere
      - pre combustion technology
        
        captures carbon before the fuel is used so that the fuel does not release CO2 when burnt .
        
        gasification converts fuel such as coal into gaseous hydrogen and co2 . the co2 can then be removed for strage and the hydron can be distributed for use in vehicles homes or industry , when burnt the exhaust gases contain water vapour but not co2 .
      - podt combustion tchnology
        
        co2 can be removed from echaust gases of fossil fuel combustion using several methods . dissolving it in solvent , high pressure membrane filtration , cyrogenic seperation
- - - - plants absorb the phosphates thye will use in metabollic processes , they arent effective of absorbing phosphates so most plnats have symbiotic relationshipss with mycorrixal fungi . they have a high network in the soil which increases the surface area for phosphate absorbtion
    - - the phosoprpsu organisms that die and beocme incorporated into sediments may no longer be availble to other organsims such as planktonic organisms that sink to the bottom when they. diie .this reduces the productivity of surface waters of oceans because phodsphours avaialbikity is a limiting factor
  - - - most phosphorous s mined as alscium phosphate then trested to produce ammonium phopshate which is more soluble
    - - use of fertilisers mobilises compounds unto the envrionment moresolubly . this increases crop production but can also contribute to eutrohphication