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Genetically Modified Organisms - Coggle Diagram
Genetically Modified Organisms
Genetically Engineered
Microorganisms
BACTERIA
ideal organisms for genetic modification
relatively straight forward
insert donor gene
into bacterial DNA
using plasmid as vector
widely used for genetic
engineering
e.g. bacterium = Escherichia coli
yeast = Saccharomyces cerevisiae
modification of microbes
more accepted
than modification of animals/plants
INSULIN
PRODUCTION
produced by GM bacteria
in sufficient quantities
meet demand
of growing no. ppl w/ diabetes
advantages
produced by
human insulin gene
does not trigger allergic reactions
previously insulin extracted from pancreas of slaughtered domestic animals (pig/cow)
time consuming
could not meet growing demand
cow = differs 3 aa
pig = differs 1 aa
OTHER
EXAMPLES
human growth
enzymes
adhesives
lung surfactant
protein
interferon
(drug used in treatment of
certain cancers)
GM VIRUSES
research to see if treat...
bacterial infections
modified to be
more effective
than antibiotics
bacteria resistant to antibiotics
ability to break down antibiotic
use alternative metabolic pathways
GM viruses
disrupt defence strategies used by resistant bacteria
kill cancer cells
genetically modified so...
cannot replicate
stops them harming normal cells
contain cytokines
stimulates immune system
against cancer cells
Transgenic Plants
How Become
Genetically Modified?
1. soil bacterium
(Agrobacterium Tumefaciens)
causes
growth gall tumour
in plants it effects
bacteria enter plant where damaged
integrate bacterial DNA into DNA of plant
2. gall forming genes removed
from bacterial plasmid
3. replaced with donor DNA
(using gene transfer techniques)
recipient plant cells = specially treated so readily take up RP
4. plasmids incorporated into host DNA
but DO NOT cause galls form
GENE GUNS
used to insert donor DNA into host cell
1. coat microscopic pellets
(made gold/tungsten)
with donor DNA
2. fired into host cell
using compressed air
3. chance
if donor DNA
taken up or not
much less reliable
than using
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens
Benefits
herbicide resistance
better than having
chemicals in food
can spray to kill weeds
but not desired crop
pesticide properties
can create protein that is toxic to
insect but not others
disease
resistance
greater ecological range
crops can grow in greater no. of environements
crops can be GM to suit
conditions + abiotic environment
nutritional enhancement
economical + social benefit
GM to add in nutrients + vitamins
enhanced
photosynthesis
absorb more light so
can grow quicker
increasing efficiency
of photosynthesis
vaccine + drugs
GM plants that can be used to
treat humans
Potential Risks
not natural
crops + characteristics not made through natural reproduction
unnatural engineering
selective breeding to make desirable properties
creation of 'superweeds'
could result in weeds with resistance to herbicide
VERY DIFFICULT TO CONTROL
greater
ecological range
potentially out-compete non-crop species (eg weeds) in certain habitats
insects becoming resistant to
toxic effects of GM crops w/ Bt gene
cause allergies
some GM crops will have characteristics
that may cause allergies
Transgenic Animals
Inserting Donor Gene
into Animal Cell
LIPOSOMES
encapsulate donor DNA into lipid vesicle
lipid carrier = easier transfer phospholipid bilayer
GENE THERAPY
ELECTROPORATION
makes cell membrane more permeable
use HIGH VOLTAGE treatment
VIRUSES
can deliver donor DNA
VECTORS
FERTILISED EGGS
insert donor DNA into fertilised egg
ensures ALL CELLS
CHICKEN
human gene production = miR-24
antibody obtained eggs
used treat cancer
SHEEP
human gene code Factor VIII
(blood clotting factor)
inserted in + found in ewe's milk