1) language use ability as well as language knowledge, 2) the integrative or holistic model through interactions among components in contrast to the discrete model, 3) the hierarchical and multi-level model instead of the linear model, 4) appropriate language use in a certain context by introducing sociolinguistic competence, 5) function in language use by presenting pragmatic competence, 6) cognitive skills by introducing and elaborating strategic competence, 7) affective factors and personal characteristics in performance.