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research methods pt2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - to ensure the DV is being measured accurately, to ensure that over periods of time, the outcome is still the same, to ensure that all conclusions made are accurate and valid as if not can have implications for theory development
  - - - ways of assessing: split half method - randomly select half of the questions and put them in one form then do the same for others, these two forms of the same test are then done separately and should yield the same score of > 0.80
    - - ways of assessing: test-retest method - the researcher administers the same test on the same person on different occasions
      - ways of assessing: inter-observer reliability - refers to the extent to which there is agreement between two or more observers involved on observing behaviour, this eliminates subjectivity bias and may either be carried out in a pilot study or reported at the end of the study
- - - - :blue_car: experiments may also standardise procedure to minimise the impact of ppt reactivity and investigator effects on the validity of the outcome
        :blue_car: the use of single-blind and double-blind procedures are designed to achieve the same aim
        :blue_car: in a single-blind procedure ppts are not made aware of aims of the study until they have taken part (to reduce the effects of demand characteristics on their behaviour)
        :blue_car: in a double-blind study, a third party conducts the investigation without knowing its main purpose either (which reduces both demand characteristics and investigator effects and thus improves validity)
- - - - find the calculated value for the sign test (S) which is the number of times the less frequent sign occurs
    - - state the hypothesis
    - - record data and work out the sign, for example the sign will be negative (-) if the value has decreased in the second condition but positive (+) if it has increased
        if the value has stayed the same, this value will be ignored and the N adjusted to exclude it
    - - find the critical value of S, use the calculated N value and p<0.05 which means there is a less than or equal to 5% probability that the results occured by chance
        if the critical value is less than or equal to critical value, reject the null hypothesis, there is a significant difference
        if the critical value is more than or equal to critical value, accept the null hypothesis, there is no significant difference
    - - state the conclusion whereby you refer back to the hypothesis mentioning the IV and DV and support your conclusion with the exact values of the critical value, S, N and what P value you used
- - - - :check: rich in depth and detail, useful for sensitive topics as ppts can elaborate on their answers
        :no_entry: difficult to convert to statistical data, hence more difficult to anaylse
    - - :check: easy to analyse data and compare with data from elsewhere
        :no_entry: lack of depth and detail, can be limiting which can be frustrating for ppts
  - - - :check: standardisation is possible, easily replicable, can make comparisons between ppts easily which is a strong benefit for job interview
      - :no_entry: interviewer bias, social desirability bias, not being able to elaborate can be frustrating for ppts
    - - :check: lots of data is collected with more depth and detail, as can be tailored to individuals they can provide more insight
      - :no_entry: skilled interviewer needed, interviewer bias also presented, social desirability bias, difficult to make comparisons between participants, the analysis of data is difficult as may have to sift through a lot of irrelevant data