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Charles I 1625-40 - Coggle Diagram
Charles I 1625-40
Personal Rule 1929-40
History of Personal Rule
2 interpretations
1- "11 years of tyranny"
Gardiner
Views personal rule as a period of poor governance which divided the nation and led to Civil War
Both recognise that personal rule begins to fail in 1637
2- "Personal Rule"
Sharpe
A period of relative stability (compared to 1625-29) and a period of good governance
Financial policies during Personal Rule - 1629-40 – and the reactions to them
Charles felt like he could govern more effectively without Parliament
By 1629 Charles and Parliament did not trust eachother
Pt was worried about innovations in government and religion
1625-29 was a period of repeated crisis
Charles hoped that personal rule would cause a more stable and sustainable system
Charles was worried that Pt was blocking his reforms and taxes/money
Divine right of Kings
Charles felt that parliamentary challenges were a threat to his own authority
Charles did not take the decision to rule without pt forever at this stage
Considered pt recall in 1631
Charles felt that parliamentary radicals were infringing on his royal prerogative
In Charles' 1629 declaration which dissolves Pt, he blamed MP's for trying to claim "universal powers"
Some credibility--> three resolutions sought to interfere with religion
The refusal to vote tonnage and poundage for Charles’ lifetime in Charles first Parliament in 1625 was a departure from tradition
The 1629 Protestation. Charles viewed Parliament’s attack on Arminianism in the first resolution of the protestation as a radical attempt to interfere in Charles’ prerogative
he 1628 Petition of Right – a set of demands to prevent the King from levying tax without Parliament’s consent which was a veiled attack on the Forced Loan 1626
Laud’s religious policies and the reaction to them
Wentworth and the policy of Thorough in England and Ireland
Why did Charles embark on personal rule?
Charles I's Inherited Problems
Finance
£1 million in debt
Ordinary income didn't cover the costs
Parliament wanted 'Grievences before supply'
Foreign Policy
Wife Henrietta Maria was French-Catholic
30 Years War: Charles wanted to support them, as the Palatinate had lost land
Failure of the Mansfield Expedition in January 1625
Religion
Growth of Arminianism was disliked by the Puritans; created High vs Low Church conflict
Concern about catholic influence; making Puritans unhappy
Relationship with Pariliment
James I had dissolved Parliament x3 during his reign
Parliament wanted to maintain their privileges
Parliament feared absolutism
Buckingham
Monopolised key titles and positions, such as Lord High Admiral, giving him control of the navy.
Seen by others to have too much influence in court
Arminian
Couldn't receive criticism as he was Charles I's closest friend
Charles' aims in 1625
Short-Term
Make war with Spain: revenge for 1623 Spanish Trip and to support the Protestants
Request £1 million from Parliament in taxes to pay-off debt
Long-Term
Promote Arminism to the people
Assert his Divine Right
Had a stronger belief in this than James I. This would bring him into conflict with Parliament.
Assasination of Buckingham, 1628
Killed by John Felton in a Portsmouth Pub
Impact
Expeditioon tomLa Rochelle is called off; Peace with France in 1630 and Spain in 1629
Public celebrations
Charles I is shocked and blames Parliament for Elliots Remonstrance in 1628
Buckingham can no longer be made a scape-goat for Charles' poor policy
Why were Charles' relations with Parliament so difficult between 1625-29?
Issues with the 1625 Parliament
Religion
Parliament wanted to enforce Penal laws, YET Charles believed this came under his Divine Right
Buckingham
Finance
Foreign Policy
Charles and Buckingham were vague about plans for Europe and the Commons wanted details.
Charles planned for a naval attack, which costed £60,000