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War and revolution - Coggle Diagram
War and revolution
Russo Japanese War
Political impact:
- War followed by significant reform due to more unrests in the homeland after the war
- Tsar (Nicholas ll) responded with October Manifesto + political concessions
- Introduction of national Duma (element of democracy) - unlikely this reform would've taken place due to the ideology of autocracy + how the powers of the Duma were greatly diminished
- Failure of the war blamed on the Tsar himself
Social impact:
- Growing discontent, inflation + shortages - then led to bloody Sunday + a year of revolution (1905 revolution)
- Increase in opposition groups
- Poor working + living conditions - increasing health problems - due to industrial developments + rapid urbanisation
- Failure to achieve victory was humiliating - humiliation directly led to anger shown in the 1905 Revolution - war the catalyst for tsar enacting reforms
Economic impact:
- Industry + agriculture still not modernised - revealed serious communication + transport weakness
- Further investment in transport, infrastructure + industry - as Trans-Siberian Railway was unfinished - still problems of getting troops + supplies to war zones quickly + efficiently
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1905 Revolution:
- Contributing factors - Weak Tsar, repressive Tsarist regime + impact of Witte's economic reforms
- War was a catalyst and a short-term trigger was Bloody Sunday
- Bloody Sunday - peaceful protest shot up by Tsarist troops outside Winter palace, St Petersburg - led to a series of protests
- Strikes spread to other cities as workers demanded for higher pay, 8 hour day and better conditions
- October - St Petersburg Soviet of Worker's deputy was formed, representatives from factories met to co-ordinate strike action - Soviets formed in other cities = direct threat to the Tsar
- Tsar gave in and issued the October Manifesto - promised a Duma elected by the people, civil rights eg freedom of speech + uncensored newspapers + the right to form political parties
- BUT Nicholas ll imposed the Fundamental Laws 1906 which means he could ignore the Duma, Russification continued + the Tsar took back control in December by using force to close down the St Petersburg Soviet + crush an armed uprising in Moscow
The Crimean war
Political impact:
- Led to the introduction of the Zemstva then the Duma - element of democracy
- Treaty of Paris, 1856 - gave part of Bessarabia to Moldavia
- Stopped from keeping naval fleet in the Black Sea
- Revealed Russia as being backwards and underdeveloped - in transport, communication + use of technology
- Emancipation led to a reduced political role for the nobility at a local level
Social impact:
- Russian population were shocked and humiliated by the defeat
- Emancipation of the serfs 1861 + allowance of maintaining their own property
- Released restrictions on university education to create a more skillful workforce
- Reduced army service from 25 years to 6 in order to create a more trained army
- 750,000 died altogether - mostly of disease
- Modernisation was sought - liberalisation of legal system - introduction of trial by jury, education system - increased the amount of primary + secondary schools + allowed people to go university, military reform
Economic impact:
- Industry was inferior - Alex ll pursued a Free trade policy that allowed foreign businesses to invest in Russian railway and mining industries - Railway Mania (20,000 km) from 1861 to 1878, increase in coal + metallurgy
Limitation of change:
- Peasants forced to pay 49 years of redemption payments
- Autocratic principle of Tsar not challenged
First World War
Political impact:
- Political crisis as Tsar made the decision to leave home and lead the war personally in 1915 with Rasputin's influence at home with his wife - led to loss of respect from nobles
- His incompetent rule led to lack of support within the army with deserters leaving at a rate of millions by 1916 - later in 1917 was forced to abdicate due to the lack of support from army and their unwillingness to put down the Putilov Steel works
- Continuation of war led to Tsar having to abdicate, then Prov. Gov. being overthrown as the Bolshevik's took power - a new totalitarian dictatorship was set up
- Nicholas ll was an incompetent leader + it was only a matter of time before a challenge deposed him - the war just sped things up
Social impact:
- Supply lines severely stretched + conditions at home + at the front worsened
- Strikes + inflation hit the cities in the winter of 1916-17 leading to demonstrations + revolution in Feb 1917 - the Tsar abdicated
- Food shortages increased (rapid increase in population, food requisitioning by the army + transport problems)
- Rise of the Petrograd Soviet
Economic impact
- Huge economic damage
- Tax increased,
- Production fell short
- War bonds issued
- Foreign loans taken
1917 Revolution:
- Political - Overthrow of the Prov. Gov. + Bolshevik seizure of power - Dictatorship of the Proletariat, dictatorship then totalitarianism
- Economy - link to civil war led to economic dislocation
- Social - link to civil war resulted in disruption to social institutions
Russo Turkish war
Social impact:
- Increase in nationalist opposition to the Tsar + increased unrest in the country - there was social unrest due to Congress of Berlin
- War encouraged increased Russification and Pan Slavism
- Russian nationalists unhappy at what took place in Berlin + saw it as a loss of world status
Economic impact:
- Gained money + territory
- Revealed Russian industrial progress eg engineering + steam power
Political impact:
- Signed Treaty of San Stefano - BUT Russian victories were overturned in international diplomacy at the Congress of Berlin
- Least significant impact on development of Russian government
Civil War
Political impact:
- Reds vs Whites + Greens - victory for reds but no success over Poland
- Post- war communist government consisted of men who served in the Red army, the cheka + other bodies - carried over into the running of the new Russia
- Militaristic approach illustrated by introduction of war communism
- Power more centralised than before - power revolved around the Politburo + Orgburo which meant that these party sub-committees became the organs of gov.
Social impact:
- Led to Bolsheviks feeling humiliated as Russian army was defeated by polish army
- Social unrest by the peasants led to War communism being changed into The New Economic Policy - element of capitalism (could sell their products)
- National minorities suppressed + oppositions brutally treated - especially Ukraine
- War accompanied by famine, terror + disease - ~ 8-10 million died
Economic impact:
- NEP replaced war communism - in order to bring stability to the gov.
- Loss of the bread basket in Ukraine - led to famine + food shortage
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Cold war
Political impact:
- Very little direct impact on structure of gov.
- Destalinisation - an attempt of Krushchev to present Russia in a more positive light to the rest of the world after Stalin ruled with terror
- War took place due to post war tensions between East + West (communism+capitalism)
Economic impact:
- Huge pressure directed at keeping up with the West leading to huge military spending putting a strain on the economy - a costly arms race
Social impact:
- There was a dangerous atmosphere of nuclear distrust - Cuban Missile Crisis
- Demonstrations in East Germany, Poland, Hungary were part of the Cold war tensions + were brutally dealt with by Soviet troops