Enzymes and Digestion
Organelles > cells > tissues > organs > organ systems > organisms
and their functions
organs
Tissues
organ systems
Cells
Organelles
Sub-solar structures, things which make up a cell such as a nucleus, ribosomes and mitrochondria
Multiple organelles put together to form a cell, specillised cells, such as epithelial cells and muscle cells and glandular cells
A group of simular cells that work together to carry out a particular function for example muscle cells form muscle tissues
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function for example epitherial, muscle, and glandular tissues all work together to make the stomach
organisms
A group of organs that work together to perform a particular function, for example stomach pancreas and liver work together forming the digestive system
Multiple organ systems working together to form the organisms
Enzymes
large protein
long chains of amino acids
made by living organisms - biological catalysts
catalysts are a substance that can increase the speed of the reaction, without being changed or used up in the process
How do they work?
They speed up the process
In order for an enzyme to a catalyst a reaction, the active site of the enzyme must be complementary to the substrate
Active site - special region part of the enzyme with a unique shape - complementary to the substrate
if the substrate doesn't fit the active site the enzymes in the reactions won't be catalyst
Enzymes in the digestive system
carbohydrates
Protein
Bile
Fats (lipids)
neutralising acids
emulsifying fats
main types is strarch
broken down by amylase
pasta, potatoes, (main source of energy)
made in the pancreas, small intestine and the salivary gland
broken down by protease
amino acids
nuts, beans, and meats
made in the stomach small intestine and pancreas
broken down by lipase
glycerol and fatty acids
cheese oil and chocolate
made in the small intestine and pancreas
Digestive system
stomach
small intestine
gullet or oesophagus
pancreas
mouth
gall balder
physically breaks down food by chewing, saliva (salivary gland) which is salivary amylase, breaks down carbohydrates.
contracts muscular walls pushing food around, produces pepsin which breaks down protein, produces hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria in the stomach
digested food is absorbed into the blood stream also produces enzymes to aid digestion
lots of digestive enzymes
releases bile, neutralizes acids from the stomach emulsifying fats
large intestine
absorbs remaining water
rectum
remaining product is stored here
Adaptations of the small intestines
villi - larger surface area , single cell wall thick to make the time for diffusion less
exchange surfaces
Things that effect enzyme action
If the PH is to high or to low some of the bonds holding the enzymes together start to break - active site starts to change shape - active site changes shape so much that the substrate can't fit - enzymes has been denatured
High temperatures start to break apart the bonds holding the enzymes together - the active site starts to change shape - if it changes shape enough the enzyme won't be able to bind to the substrate - the enzyme would have been denatured
Diet
proteins - growth and repair to damaged tissues
fibre - helps food move through our intestines
lipids - provide energy, longer time stored energy, keep us warm, protects our organs
water - chemical reactions
carbohydrates - an energy sources, chemical reactions help us to move around
biological molecules
biological molecules are molecules found in living organisms and are produced by cells
nutrients - are substances that are needed for growth and repair