Enzymes and Digestion

Organelles > cells > tissues > organs > organ systems > organisms
and their functions

organs

Tissues

organ systems

Cells

Organelles

Sub-solar structures, things which make up a cell such as a nucleus, ribosomes and mitrochondria

Multiple organelles put together to form a cell, specillised cells, such as epithelial cells and muscle cells and glandular cells

A group of simular cells that work together to carry out a particular function for example muscle cells form muscle tissues

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function for example epitherial, muscle, and glandular tissues all work together to make the stomach

organisms

A group of organs that work together to perform a particular function, for example stomach pancreas and liver work together forming the digestive system

Multiple organ systems working together to form the organisms

Enzymes

large protein

long chains of amino acids

made by living organisms - biological catalysts

catalysts are a substance that can increase the speed of the reaction, without being changed or used up in the process

How do they work?

They speed up the process

In order for an enzyme to a catalyst a reaction, the active site of the enzyme must be complementary to the substrate

Active site - special region part of the enzyme with a unique shape - complementary to the substrate

if the substrate doesn't fit the active site the enzymes in the reactions won't be catalyst

Enzymes in the digestive system

carbohydrates

Protein

Bile

Fats (lipids)

neutralising acids

emulsifying fats

main types is strarch

broken down by amylase

pasta, potatoes, (main source of energy)

made in the pancreas, small intestine and the salivary gland

broken down by protease

amino acids

nuts, beans, and meats

made in the stomach small intestine and pancreas

broken down by lipase

glycerol and fatty acids

cheese oil and chocolate

made in the small intestine and pancreas

Digestive system

stomach

small intestine

gullet or oesophagus

pancreas

mouth

gall balder

physically breaks down food by chewing, saliva (salivary gland) which is salivary amylase, breaks down carbohydrates.

contracts muscular walls pushing food around, produces pepsin which breaks down protein, produces hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria in the stomach

digested food is absorbed into the blood stream also produces enzymes to aid digestion

lots of digestive enzymes

releases bile, neutralizes acids from the stomach emulsifying fats

large intestine

absorbs remaining water

rectum

remaining product is stored here

Adaptations of the small intestines

villi - larger surface area , single cell wall thick to make the time for diffusion less

exchange surfaces

Things that effect enzyme action

If the PH is to high or to low some of the bonds holding the enzymes together start to break - active site starts to change shape - active site changes shape so much that the substrate can't fit - enzymes has been denatured

High temperatures start to break apart the bonds holding the enzymes together - the active site starts to change shape - if it changes shape enough the enzyme won't be able to bind to the substrate - the enzyme would have been denatured

Diet

proteins - growth and repair to damaged tissues

fibre - helps food move through our intestines

lipids - provide energy, longer time stored energy, keep us warm, protects our organs

water - chemical reactions

carbohydrates - an energy sources, chemical reactions help us to move around

biological molecules

biological molecules are molecules found in living organisms and are produced by cells

nutrients - are substances that are needed for growth and repair