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Linguistics Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Society - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Linguistic Determinism
        
        A hypothesis that states that the structure of a language
        determines its speakers’ thoughts, actions, or worldview.
      - Linguistic Relativity
        
        A hypothesis that states that the structure of a language shapes or influences (but doesn’t wholly determine) its speakers’ thoughts, actions, or worldview.
  - - - Faster reaction times for distinguishing between two colours for speakers who have distinct names for those two colours.
    - - “Best” example of a colour varies statistically across
        languages.
    - - Language functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere.
      - Visual perception is cross-lateralized (left-right/right-left).
      - Colour stimuli presented in the right optical field are
        identified faster than those presented in the left.
    - - Linguistic relativity
        hypothesis: Language is not just a form of cultural expression but it is something that is directly responsible for shaping culture.
      - According to this hypothesis, communities that share the same language will share certain ways of thinking and being that communities who do not speak that language do not share.
- - - - Off-topic - interviews tend not to be about language, but some other topic so that data is naturalistic.
      - “Big data” - in order to draw statistically significant conclusions,
        sociolinguists typically need large bodies of data, with many tokens.
  - - - Markers - salient linguistic features that identify people as
        belonging to a particular speech community
      - Indicators - linguistic features correlated with social factors, but
        without the same social awareness or stigma
- - - - Lexical inventories vary by region
      - Lexical choices vary by region
      - Pronunciation varies by region (this is what is perceived as accent)
    - - Linguistic prejudice: Making assumptions about a person based on their language variant (e.g., dialect)
      - Linguistic discrimination: Treating someone differently because of their language
        variant (e.g., dialect)
      - An example: Margaret Thatcher
        
        extensive speech therapy to adapt her regional accent
        
        pitch-lowering - led to hypercorrection.
        
        Hypercorrection = Erroneus use of a pronunciation based on a false analogy with a correct pronunciation.