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What is meant by sovereignty and territorial integrity? - Coggle Diagram
What is meant by sovereignty and territorial integrity?
India & Kashmir
The Partition of India:
Britain in debt after WW2 so started to make plans to leave India, planned for transfer of power to take 5 years, Lord Mountbatten wanted to do it in 4 months
1947, Sir Cyril Radcliffe arrive 1 month before leave & had no knowledge of region but drew map
put any region with muslim majority into Pakistan & Hindu into India roughly, drew border between Kartarpur & Amritsar (religious sites)
Consequences of partition of India:
cannot visit holy site in Kartarpur
division of families
14 million people had to leave to "their side"
led to large violence
Massanian put into India but mainly muslim, country left empty
India & Pakistan within months fight over Kashmir ownership
Present day:
heavily controlled border with a border show every evening
people in Massanian look after graves despite not their own religion
huge political arguments, exploited otherwise to evoke nationalism
finally have allowed "notch" corridor to allow Sikhs to access Kartarpur without a visa
still divide family, promote hate, stop trade
Conflict in Kashmir:
India & Pakistan dispute
Kashmir had a muslim majority population but a hindu monarch (on border) so chose to stay neutral
Pakistan attacked fearing monarch would join India, Kashmir joined India for protection which sparked its Indo-Pakistan war (1945)
split country in half with half-half control
1965 second Indo-Pakistani war, 1971 war in East Pakistan (formed Bangladesh), made Kashmir one of the most militarised areas in the world
UNSC caused ceasefire in 1979 established line with India & Pakistan in control - Pakistan meant to withdraw with India to follow & Kashmir to hold a vote on its own future
neither withdrew and vote never held
1987 India reportedly rigged an election, declaring pro-India party as the winner - many Kasmiri's felt denied the right to vote and thousands took to the streets in Indian controlled Kashmir to protest (large violence)
stakes raised as in 1998 Kashmir became a battleground for 2 nuclear nations, another war in 1999
Cycle of violence in Kashmir:
Pakistani backed militant grounds -> attacks -> Indian army -> cracks down -> Kashmiris -> drives them to join / be recruited to Pakistani backed militant grounds -> etc etc etc
Nation vs State
Nation definition:
a group of people with a strong identity - a geo-cultural unit, with a shared descent, history, traditions, and language
A nation:
its people can be scattered in a disapora
can be a fixed territory
can have psychological, moral, spiritual or emotional authority
a group of people with strong sense of unity
can coexist in a territory
A state:
defined territory
independent and self-governing
internationally recognised
soverignity
has legal responsibilities for the welfare and security of its people
political authority is effective and strong
may have UN membership
The Kurds:
one of the largest stateless nations in the world
30m people (18m in Turkey, 8m in Iran, 5m in Iraq, 2m in Syria, 2m rest of world)
1) a distinctive ethnic group with its own culture and language
2) no defined territory
3) not internationally recognised
4) it has one partly autonomous region in iraq
5) it has no soverignity over a territory
Somali & Somaliland
Somaliland:
internal soverignity
population: 3.5 milllion
major languages: Somali, Arabic, English
major religion: Islam
currency: Somaliland shilling
Somalia:
external soverignity
population: 15.89 milllion
major languages: Somali, Arabic, English
major religion: Islam
currency: Somali shilling
History of Somaliland:
Somaliland has been a distinct region from Somali since the late 1800s
it was a British protectorate until 1960
it then became independent for 5 days, it merged with present-day Somalia (was under Italian rule, long, often violent struggle)
rebel group Somali National Movement emerged in Somaliland in the 1980s
1991 they declared Somaliland's independence following ousting of the military dictator Siad Barra - forces killed tens of thousands of people during the civil war along ethnic, clan-based lines
SNM declared Hargeisa the capital, but remains unrecognised today
over next 10 years, new constitution, agreed with a public referendum 2001
Why isnt Somaliland a separate country?
those in favour say it has strong claim due to culturally and ethnically distinct
own currency, own military, issues own passports, own elections, observed and praised by international partners like EU
more stable than Somalia little terrorist activity since 2008
fears, especially amongst AU that formal recognition would encourage other secessionist movements on continent to seek independence
extremely poor, WB estimated GDP at just $348, 4th poorest country in the world if independent
Different borders
Physical boundaries:
based on landforms – created before settlement and based on physical features; mountain ranges, rivers etc
example: The Andres separates Chile from Boliva and Argentina
Superimposed boundaries:
are drawn on an area by a conquering or colonizing power that ignores existing cultural patterns.
example: 1885, European states met in Berlin to drive up Africa among themselves
Subsequent boundaries:
are established after the settlement in an area. It changes as the cultural landscape changes and is drawn to accommodate developments due to a certain event, such as a war.
example: Yugoslavia
Consequent boundaries:
are drawn in order to separate groups based on ethnic, linguistic, religious, or economic differences
example: India & current day Pakisatan to serape Hindu & India
Geometric boundaries:
are drawn using straight lines
example: North Korea & South Korea serpated along the 38 degrees north
Divisions:
Secession, transfer of part of a state’s area to another state, the action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state
Independence, a situation in which the people of a country exercise self- government and sovereignty over their state territory having gained political freedom from outside
Annexation, is the addition or incorporation of a territory into a county or city
Decolonisation, the action or process of a state withdrawing from a former colony, leaving it independent
Unification, is the rarest type of nation-state formation and involves bringing together a number of states into a single national state
Accession, is the act whereby a state accepts the offer or the opportunity to become a party to a treaty already negotiated and signed by other
Impacts of borders and border changes:
may mean natural resources change hands
people may be cut off from family or important places
change of influence of the global stage
trading may become harder
may change patterns of migration
Sovereignty:
political authority to govern a certain area, as approved internationally
internal, authority over its people and lands without external intervention
external, mutually recognised by other states, this ensures territorial integrity and allows for international relations
ideally, to be sovereign you need both types of soverignity
territorial integrity is the principle that a defined territory of a state, over which it has exclusive and legitimate control (according to International Law)
What is a state?
Definition:
an area of land in an independent country, with well-defined boundaries within which there is a politically organised body of people under a single government
Qualities of a state:
1) an internationally recognised territory, non-intervention
2) sovereignty exercised by the government throughout its bounded territory
3) a government recognised by other states
4) self-governing state and a permanent population with the right to self determination
1648 Treaty of Westphalia:
change to borders in Europe, main creation of borders in Europe as we know them today
brought to an end the Thirty Years War in Europe
at this time, Europe was made up of Empires & Kingdoms
this established principles which have developed into our modern understanding of the state such as non-intervention
China & Sri Lanka
Belt & Road:
President Xi Jinping
increasing influence around the world
trillion dollar economic plan
building infrastructure in countries that could not readily get investment
Africa, numerous projects e.g. major gas pipelines and railways in Nigeria
Kenya, high speed railway from Mombasa and Nairobi
Europe expansion alarms Western commentators e.g. Greece join in August 2018, China took over majority of their Piraeus Port in 2016
China funding in Sri Lanka:
airport opened in 2013, hoped to transport Sri Lanka into aviation hub
ranked emptiest airport, planes take off but no passengers, very costly, debt
build in President Rajapaksa's own constituency
funded by China high interest loans (mainly), cost more than $2m
part of belt & road initiative
some argue it is a "debt trap"
China challenging sovereignty of Sri Lanka:
President Rajapaksa voted out 2015
new gov struggled to keep up payments, so China took over airport on a 99 year lease, China now has airport and port in a very important trade route
removes a part of Sri Lankan independence & power, thus soverignity
Strong & weak states
State Apparatus:
how power is maintained
ability to organised fiscal & monetary arrangements
a strong legal system; judiciary
organised policy & military forces
good internal political organisation
provision of health, education & welfare states
What makes a state powerful?
ability to exploit resources
human resources
demographic structure
industrial development & trade strength
political organisation & policies
geographical location
What makes a state weak?
corruption
internal ethic or other conflict
poor border security
Strong states:
Clear systems of trade and clear trading patterns
Strong systems of governance at local, district and regional levels
Strong border controls on movement of people, goods and drugs
May be part of key trading blocs eg EU or of economic and political units eg G8, G20
Few refugees
Few internally displaced people
Have UN recognition as a state
Hold regular elections, may be democracies
Weak/fragile states:
Little control over borders and movement of people, goods and drugs
High number of fatalities due to war/conflict and many refugees
Lack UN recognition as states
Lack democracy, rarely hold elections
Natural resources may be controlled by other states or TNCs
May have insurgency/terrorism or secession movements
May have a weak judiciary and lack rule of law
May have few trading partners and few exports
Fragile state index:
cohesion, economic, political, social
sustainable -> stable -> warning -> alert
bottom 3: Yemen, Somalia, South Sudan
top 3: Norway, Finland, Switzerland
Yemen becomes the most fragile state:
FSI score of 113.5
a result of long civil war and humanitarian catastrophe
4th most worsened country over the last decade, behind Libya, Syria and Mali
greatest worsening in External Intervention (+2.7 points)
In June 2018, the launch of the Saudi and Emirati coalition-led “Operation Golden Victory” focused global attention on the Houthi-controlled city of Hodeidah
attacks on Hodeidah (major port) would affect more than 300,000 children and sparking famine
ACLED showed that civilian deaths increased by 164% in the four months following the launch of the offensive
After months of negotiations, the UN brokered a fragile ceasefire deal between Houthi forces in Hodeidah and the internationally recognized government in December 2018
By March, troop withdrawal stalled and city suffered major outbreak of violence
2018, 75% of the population was in need of humanitarian assistance
more than 3.5 million people were displaced
14 million Yemenis face starvation
infrastructure damaged severely such as water treatment facilities; worst epidemic of cholera in recorded history, causing more than 1 million suspected cases
President Saleh ruled Yemen for more than 30 years, widespread corruption and mismanagement, $60 billion in assets through corruption (2011 protests, no longer President)
34% of the population was living below the poverty line in 2005
north-south divide
high number of IPPs and refugees
UN nations & interventions
Norms and the Charter of the United Nations:
contains principles of universal norms & behavious
embedded in international law and upheld by state governments and their citizens
Article 2.4 says member states cannot use force or threaten the territorial integrity or independence of any other state
Article 2.1 based on the principle of sovereign equality and makes it clear that the state has the right to self-determination
right to promote human rights and develop friendly relations
these norms are reinforced by treaties, signed by states e.g. EU treaties
Interventions:
the action of an international organisation at a supranational level to resolve conflict humanitarian conflict and challenges to territorial integrity or sovereignty
sanctions like trade embargoes
military actions
peacekeeping missions
humantarian assistance
Interventions are used most often when:
1) State does not protect its citizens
2) There is an act of aggression over territorial claims by another state
3) there is conflict between ethnic groups there is a weak or corrupt government and civil war has broken out
4) there is a risk of religious radicalisation and terrorism
5) there are TNCs with negative economic, social and environmental impacts in host countries