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James I - Coggle Diagram

- - - - pro-catholic faction: howard family
      - protestant faction included earl of Southampton and the archbishop of canterbury
- - - - would've given james £600,000 plus £200,000 annually
        
        parliament initially agreed but negotiations fell through
        
        if James was financially stable he would have called parliament less often so their power would reduce
        
        James would have had to give up wardships and purveyancing
    - - James intervened in a corrupt election in a rotten borough
        
        'the commons drived all matters of privilege from him and by his grant'
    - - james styled himself 'king of great britain'
      - two kingdoms remained seperate
      - the english were prejudiced
    - - ruled that you could not arrest a sitting MP
        
        sir thomas shirley had a debt but could't be arrested
        
        the warden of Fleet prison was imprisoned in the tower of london for refusing to release him
  - - - passed no legislation at all
        
        dissolved because they refused to grant James any subsidies unless impositions were abolished
        
        james called the commons 'a body without a head'
    - - carr wanted to marry Frances howard
        
        james arranged her divorce
        
        thomas overbury was opposed to the marriage
        
        he was impriosned after refusing to become russian ambassador
        
        carr and howard poisoned him
        
        they were imprisoned and released after 6 years
        
        by this point, james had a new favourite, george villiers, and Carr was largely irrelevant
  - - - claimed parliment had a right to free speech
        
        james ripped it from the records of the house of commons
    - - Mps are relucant to give james money, ask him to abandon the marriage
        
        after parliament was dissolved in Dec. 1621, it was his only option - he couldn't afford a war
    - - monopolies act passed - they could only be given to companies, not individuals
    - - he had no choice but to call parliament
  - - - james was unwilling to enter the conflict, saw himself as 'rex pacificus'
  - - - recusancy fines changed across parliaments
- - - - consequences
        
        long term
        
        increased fear of catholic influence e.g. Spanish marriage
        
        james wrote multiple pamphlets on theology, aiming to unite europe religiously
        
        in total only 25 catholics were executed in James' reign and the number of catholics increased
        
        parliament passed anti-catholic legislation
        
        homes could be searched
        
        2/3 of a recusant's property could be seized
        
        fines for not taking protestant communion at least 3 times a year
        
        short term
        
        all the surviving plotters hung, drawn and quartered at St Paul's churchyard in January 1606
        
        jesuit priests father henry garnet and father edward oldcorn were executed
        
        even though the jesuit order had dissaproved of the plot
        
        catholic nobles were accused of being involved and were put on trial
        
        such as the earl of northumberland, who was imprisoned for life and fined £30,000
      - 5th November 1605
    - - led by father william watson
      - aimed to kidnap James and force him to repeal penal laws and recusancy fines
    - - aimed to remove James from the throne and replace him with his Catholic cousin, Arabella Stuart
    - - Parliament was made up of puritans and had a much less tolerant approach to Catholics
        
        generally policy towards Catholics was harshest when parliament was in session
    - - recusancy fines increased to a maximum of £20 per month
      - up to 2/3 of a recusant's property could be seized
    - - catholics came to have greater influence as court through the howard family and the spanish ambassador, count gondomar
  - - - james orignally instructed his representatives to take an anti-arminian view
    - - supported the divine right of kings, critical of puritans and their belief in predestination
    - - no such thing as the elect
      - salvation was available to anyone
      - the catholic church was the true church, just corrupted
      - supportive of divine right of kings
      - approved of high church rituals and ceremonies
    - - 1622 - directions to preachers issued, preventing teaching on predestination
      - some armininan churchmen promoted e.g. neile, who became archbishop of durham
      - caused conflict between james and parliament
      - buckingham favoured arminianism and wanted to promote Laud but James didn't approve of him - he warned charles not to promote him either
    - - they were pro-spain - considered a violent, catholic country
      - approved of increased taxation
      - rejected almost all of the Puritan's beliefs e.g. predestination
      - puritans felt they were 'crypto-catholics'
      - arminian bishop laud was a serious opponent of abbot, the archbihsop of canterbury
  - - - signed by around 1000 puritan ministers
        
        a list of their problems with the Anglican church
        
        wanted to distinguish themselves from radical puritans, described themselves as simply 'ministers of the gospel'
        
        wanted changes including
        
        abolition of pluralism
        
        educated clergy
        
        emphasis on preaching
        
        purification of catholic influences in the c of e
    - - 'no bishop, no king'
      - bit of a failure for puritans
        
        their demands were a bit too trivial to be taken seriously e.g. concerns about what clothes priests wore
      - january 1604, 3 days long
      - debates between james, bishops, and puritan ministers from the universities of oxford and cambirdge
      - new book of canons issued in september 1604, requiring acceptance of the official book of common prayer, acceptance of the three articles supporting the king's supremacy and acceptance of the 39 articles of faith from 1559
    - - banned bear-baiting, and bull-baiting
      - puritans felt sundays should be kept for religious observance
      - allowed 'leaping, vaulting and other forms of harmless recreation', morris dancing and setting up maypoles
      - outlined what activities were permissible after church on sundays
  - - - less unified than Scotland
      - poorly paid/ badly educated clergy
      - pluralism
      - abseneeism
      - nepotism
      - simony
    - - the majority of the population were members of the national church - more due to loyalty to the monarch than religious uniformity
        
        recusancy fines reduced the number of catholics as many peasants could not afford to pay them
      - bishops were under state control
      - James wanted to maintain a balance between religious groups and avoid excommunication
    - - his mother and wife were catholic
      - Scotland was presbyterian
  - - - succeeded bancroft after his death in november 1610
      - harsh treatment of roman catholics
      - more sympathetic towards puritans, encouraged preaching
      - archbishop of canterbury from 1611-1633
    - - 1604-1610
      - 'chief overseer' of the king james bible
      - became chancellor of oxford university in 1608
      - intolerant of puritans, wanted religious uniformity
- - - - peace with Spain
        
        gave english protestant merchants the right to trade in Spain and the Spanish netherlands
        
        however, James continued to send men, money and arms to the united provinces of the netherlands in their war against spain
    - - armistace between Spain and the Netherlands, lasted 12 years
    - - succcession crisis
        
        catholic Holy Roman Emperor sent troops to ensure a Catholic Succession
        
        challenged by troops from the United Provinces and France
        
        war seemed inevitable but james helped to mediate
        
        Duchies divided into Catholic and Protestant candidates
        
        however, this did not prevent the religious problem from worsening - alliances formed
        protestant union under Frederick of the palatinate
        Catholic League under Maximillian of Bavaria
    - - James was a key negotiator
    - - peace treaty between Denmark and Sweden which James helped to create
    - - personal hatred and fear of violence
      - war was expensive
      - like the intellectual challenge of finding a compromise
      - gave him a role on the international scale
    - - alliance signed to prevent Habsburg expansion
        
        James refused to take leadership of the protestant cause
        
        he did not want military leadership, prefering to use his position to pursue peace
    - - use of diplomacy
      - England's military presence was too small to be effective
    - - seemingly pro-catholic stance upset parliament
      - public opinion felt he should do more
      - neither England nor Spain was willing to make concessions to allow the marriage to take place
      - MPs were unwilling to grant subsidies as James wouldn't explain what he needed them for
        
        spanish marriage was the only option
      - the madrid expedition was a disaster
  - - - didn't want a Catholic queen to raise catholic heirs
        
        but foreign poricy was a matter of royal prerogative so its not really their business
      - benefits of involving parliament
        
        parliament could grant subsidies to pay for military intervention
      - disadvantages of involving parliament
        
        puritan parlaiment - would want an anti-catholic solution
        
        war was royal prerogative
    - - don't get involved
      - involve parliament and work together to form a solution
      - marry charles to a protestant princess to strengthen his alliances with protestant europe
  - - - James called him 'a godless man and a usurper' who should 'listen to an old man like me'
    - - this would change the balance of rulers in the HRE in favour of protestants so Catholics were opposed
        
        Frederick recieved help from the Evangelical uion
        
        ferdinand offered to share palatinate between spain and Maximillian of Bavaria
        
        spain sent General Spiola to help in 1620
        
        battle of white mountain, 1620: victory for Catholic powers
        
        Ferdinand helped by his cousin Philip III of Spain
    - - James wanted a war on Land (?)
        
        asked parliament for £1 million for foreign policy but didn't explain what it was for (?) so they didn;t want to pay it
        
        Mansfeld expedition failed
    - - 1618: defenestration of Prague - protestant rebellion against Habburgs
        
        1619: Ferdinand elected as holy roman emperor
    - - contacted the protestant princes, allowed English and scots volunteers to go to the united provinces to fight the Habsburgs once the truce of anwerp expired
- - - - book of bounty 1608
        
        stopped james from giving away land
        
        ineffective - he gave away gifts of money instead
      - book of rates 1608
        
        a list of items that could be taxed
        
        in response to legal victory in Bate's case in 1606
        
        bate's case = he didn't want to pay customs duties on currants so he was taken to court and lost
      - sale of honours 1611
        
        new title 'baronet' created, sold for £1095
        
        raised £190,000 between 1611 and 1614
        
        'proper' aristocracy felt threatened
        
        over 1/4 of the purchases were from catholic families who wanted to demonstrate their loyalty to James
      - great contract, 1610
      - survey of crown lands
        
        least profitable lands were sold
        
        rents were increased
    - - benevolance, 1614
        
        worth £650,000
        
        equivalent to a subsidy from parliament
        
        because the addled parliamwnt of 1614 had not granted him any funds
      - spanish marriage negotiations
        
        would have granted a dowry of £600,000
      - the cockayne project, 1614
        
        cokayne persuaded James to end the export of unfinished cloth to the netherlands
        
        instead, it would be finished in england, creating jobs
        
        claimed this would make £40,000 annually
        
        failed due to lack of skilled workers
        
        the dutch refused to restart the trade
        
        1 more item...
    - - nicknamed 'lord fillsack'
      - royal debt was £600,000 at his death in 1608
      - great farm of the customs 1604
        
        leased the right to collect customs duties to a group of merchants
        
        they paid £115,000 annually and kept the rest of the money they collected
        
        increased to £136,000 annually in 1611
        
        by 1614, half of james's revenue came from customs duties
        
        if trade boomed, the maerchants would benefit, not the crown
        
        parliament were concerned as they thought their influence would weaken if james were fiancially stable
    - - focused on increasing income, not reducing expenditure
      - doubled james' debt
      - audley end - a grand house uilt using embezzled funds
        
        'too big for a king but just right for a lord treasurer' - James
      - convicted of corruption and embezzlement and imprisoned
    - - rose to prominance due to his connection to buckingham
      - policies
        
        stopped paying pensions
        
        increased rent for customs farmers
        
        reissued book of bounty
        
        increased monopolies
        
        extended impositions
        
        increased returns from wardships
        
        master of wardrobe ordered to cut costs
        
        reduced spending of royal house hold
        
        reduced waste
        
        previously, candles had been thrown away after one use
      - wanted to reduce expenditure and increase income
  - - - paid three of his favourite's debts for £44,000
      - claimed to have given James Hay £400,000
        
        equivalent to the crown's entire annual revenue
      - expenditure on feasts
        
        1604 - spent £2000 on a banquet for the french ambassador
    - - ended the war with Spain - treaty of london 1604
  - - - ordinary revenue had been falling due to inflation - the tudors had not reformed the system
      - james was expected to 'live of his own' in peacetime and not recieve extraordinary revenue
- - - - parliament rejoiced