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Cellular Respiration - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ADP and AMP are positive regulators.
      - Citrate allosterically inhibits phosphofructokinase.
      - Excess sugars are stored as fat molecules or glycogen in muscles.
- - - - Isomerization happens. The structure is unstable so it changes to a structure that is more stable.
        
        Phosphorylation happens. Phosphofructokinase (enzyme) adds a phosphate from ATP and it turns into Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate.
        
        Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate is unstable so an enzyme helps it splits into Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (G3P) and DHAP.
        
        DHAP isomerizes into G3P because it's more stable
        
        Both G3P molecules are oxidized by NAD+ coenzymes (G3P loses hydrogen and it added to NAD+ to make NADH). It creates enough free energy to add two free floating phosphates to the molecules.
        
        The newly added phosphates are used to make 2 ATP molecules from 2 ADP molecules
        
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  - - - Decarboxylation reaction for the pyruvate to form 2 CO2. The two carbons for each of the molecules produces an acetyl group which binds to a molecule called Coenzyme-A (CoA) and is now called Acetyl-CoA. Dehydrogenation remvoes H and transfers it to NAD+ which makes it NADH. In total with the two pyruvate, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl-CoA, and 2 NADH are produced.
  - - - Isomerization happens. Citrate turns into isocitrate
        
        Isocitrate is oxidized to form a 5 carbon molecule. NADH is formed because of dehydrogenase, and CO2 is released
        
        Molecule is oxidized again to form a 4 carbon molecule. NADH is formed and CO2 is released.
        
        Molecule is converted into another molecule and 1 ATP is produced. ADP takes a phosphate from GTP to make ATP. GTP turns into GDP.
        
        Molecule is converted to another molecule and FADH2 is produced because of dehydrogenase.
        
        Molecule is converted into Malate.
        
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  - - - Hydrogen in FADH2 is released into the intermembrane space because of dehydrogenase.
        
        Cytochrome C pumps additional hydrogen into the intermembrane space.
        
        Oxygen allows the electrons to flow through. Oxygen binds with 2H to make H2O.
        
        The channel proteins open to let the hydrogens to flow through.
    - - ATP generation depends on constant maintenance of H+ reservoir in the intermembrane space. It is created by movement of electrons through ETC, snd there is movement if ixygen is present because if pulls electrons across.
- - - - Lactic Acid fermentation: The 2 pyruvate from glycolysis oxidizes NADH from glycolysis and turns them into NAD+ so it can be used again in glycolysis. The pyruvate turns into lactic acid. It also forms 2 ATP molecules.
        
        If demands of energy continues, there can be a build up of lactic acid which is toxic and painful. Lactic acid can also denature proteins
        
        It is reversible with oxygen. Lactic acid will reverse back to pyruvate and NADH which will go through pyruvate oxidation
        
        Alcohol fermentation: 2 pyruvate undergo decarboxylation(carboxyl group is removed) so CO2 is produced and makes 2 acetaldehyde. The acetaldehyde oxides NADH to NAD+, and the 2 acetaldehyde turns into 2 ethanol.
        
        Yeast undergoes alcohol fermentation. Ethanol is evaporated by heat.
      - Some organisms thrive in anaerobic environments. Most animals use fermentation when oxygen is consumed quicker than it can be delivered (ex, sprinting, playing soccer)